118 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [Sess. lxxxvJ 



inverted cutting are not so numerous as are the buds 

 formed on the normally placed cutting. Even after a 

 growth shoot has developed from the normally basal end 

 of an inverted cutting it will often be found that roots 

 are produced from the base of this growth shoot. If these 

 roots are allowed to develop the growth shoot soon dis- 

 connects itself from the parent cutting. The remaining 

 buds on the inverted cutting are somewhat difficult to 

 start into growth, but this can be done by hot water 

 stimulation. 



On the inverted cutting the growth shoots exhibit very 

 juvenile characters and the leaves are miniature. Such 

 leaves are rarely seen even on seedlings unless the seeds 

 are small and weak. Further, the growth on the inverted 

 cutting takes a longer time to pass through the transitional 

 stages to the adult form. 



In stem cuttings the same gradation in growth forms 

 from juvenile to adult character is seen. A stem cutting, 

 consisting of the terminal portion of the plant when rooted, 

 goes on growing without showing Suny change in form. 

 On an internodal cutting with one bud in the leaf axil 

 the growth produced shows a juvenile form, while the 

 growth from an internode with no preformed buds left 

 adliering shows a very markedly juvenile growth form. 

 All juvenile forms again show marked similarity to 

 seedlings. 



OBITUARY NOTICE. 

 William Carruthers, 1830-1922. 



The recent death of a Fellow of this Society elected so 

 long ago as 1858 merits some notice, especially as he took 

 an active part in the development of modern British 

 botany. William Carruthers was born at Moffat, 29th May 

 1830, and he died 2nd June last, a record even for the 

 proverbially long-lived botanist. After early education at 

 Moffat Academy, he entered the University of Edinburgh 

 in 1845, and, like many another student, a slender income 

 needed to be supplemented by tutorial work, so we find 



