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grouped in one class — called the normative sciences. But 

 what you detemiine upon, what you propose to carry out, what 

 your ambitions are, what the ambitions of all the best thinkers 

 of the world have been, these constitute what are called the 

 historical sciences. In literature or political history, the same 

 is true. Take such a thing as the story Homer tells. It may 

 be hard to determine whether Homer was written by one in- 

 dividual or by a dozen ; but in each line of Homer there is 

 an execution of a certain purpose on the part of some indi- 

 vidual ; so in political history — take for instance the Franco- 

 German War; we know it was the result of the individual will- 

 acts of a certain group of men. So when Abraham Lincoln 

 signed the Emancipation Proclamation, however we may speak 

 of it, we know it was the individual determination of one par- 

 ticular man who actually brought that action to a focus, so 

 to speak. All those sciences which deal with individual will- 

 acts are grouped under the head historical. 



So much for the pure sciences ; but pure science is not the 

 whole of science. There is the great field of the utilitarian 

 sciences, of which we have already heard this evening, which 

 are certainly a great deal more than merely applied science. 

 Every one knows that an engineer does more than merely apply 

 physics, mathematics and mechanics. He has opinions of his 

 pwn and carries them out in his own methods. The same is 

 true of education. I believe everybody who has seriously con- 

 sidered the problem wil admit that the science of education is 

 a great deal more than applied Psychology. How can we 

 group these applied sciences? Professor Moore, the great au- 

 thority on international law, and three or four other gentlemen 

 decided upon the following classification : 



All those sciences which deal with objects were called utili- 

 tarian sciences, including medicine, engineering, transporta- 

 tions and commerce; those sciences which deal with subjects 

 other than one's self arc grouped under the head of sciences 

 of social regulation, including such problems as politics, ad- 

 ministration, municipal government, colonial affairs; and there 

 still remains fjnc other gnni]) of a|)])lied sciences — -those which 



