69 



praise to a Faraday, the discoverer, but to be mild and cynical 

 in appreciation of a Westinghouse who makes applications of 

 great value to man. 



The history of any well developed branch of applied science 

 furnishes illustrations of the relation which has been stated be- 

 tween pure and applied science, and of the variable lag of ap- 

 plication behind discovery. A catalogue of the ways in which 

 applied science touches and influences our practical affairs would 

 be very long and would be a recital of ideas familiar to this 

 audience. Most articles of food and all articles of clothing 

 have been either improved in quality or reduced in labor cost 

 by the accomplishments of science, and the same is true of 

 practically every artificial object within your present range of 

 vision. The stories of the railway, the steamship, the printing 

 press, the telegraph, and the telephone have many times been 

 told. 



To stop here in our thinking, to stop with the contemplation 

 of the accomplishments of science as seen in material forms, 

 is to miss the most important features of the relation of science 

 to the progress of knowledge, and to our practical affairs. The 

 material accomplishments of science, engines, dynamos, machines, 

 processes of manufacture, etc., are but the foundation of its 

 influence in the world. The two hundred thousand miles of 

 railway in the United States are much less important than the 

 strong influence of these railways upon the spread of knowl- 

 edge, the condition of the race, the development of character. 

 Let us look beyond the mere material accomplishments of 

 science to its all pervading influence upon civilization. Within 

 the allotted time it is possible to indicate this influence in a 

 sketchy way only, by a touch here and a touch there. 



The locomotive, the marine engine, the printing press, and the 

 telegraph have made all the peoples of the world acquainted 

 and changed them from enemies into friends. The people of 

 the United States and the Japanese, living on opposite sides 

 of the world, are better acquainted and therefore more friendly 

 today than were the French and the Prussians one hundred 

 years ago, living as close neighbors. If two hundred thousand 



