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miles of railway had existed in the United States from 1800 

 to 1860, the people of the North and of the South would neces- 

 sarily have been so well acquainted with each other that the 

 Civil War could not have occurred. All agencies which make 

 different peoples understand each other tend to abolish war, 

 for wars are based primarily upon the failure of nations to 

 understand each other. Science by furnishing quick and cheap 

 transportation has caused man to develop the travel habit, by 

 putting printed matter within the reach of every one has made 

 reading a habit of the masses, and by furnishing quick con- 

 venient means of communication, the mail and the telegraph, 

 has produced the habit of keeping in touch with all the world. 

 Thus science, by promoting mutual understanding between 

 nations, has been the greatest of peace makers. 



Science has also been very powerful as a peacemaker by pro- 

 ducing such powerful weapons and such efficient means of con- 

 centrating quickly vast numbers of troops and their supplies 

 that war is now so costly and so deadly that we can not afford 

 to indulge in it. 



In improving personal morals, as well as national morals, 

 and thereby advancing civilization, the workers in applied science 

 are extremely powerful. They build a smoo(th steel road and 

 a one-hundred ton locomotive which draws a massive train at 

 a mile a minute. Then it is found that the safety, the lives, 

 of the hundreds of passengers on the train depend upon the 

 quick and certain action of the man in the cab of the locomo- 

 tive. He must not only see the faint danger signal within a 

 few seconds, every time it appears before him, he nnist also 

 act promptly and with good judgment, or pay the forfeit with 

 his own life and possibly the lives of many others. This and 

 other situations created by science, in which certainty and quick- 

 ness of action of the nerves and brain are absolutely necessary, 

 because great responsibility is concentrated in one man have 

 been most powerful influences in changing this from an irre- 

 sponsible, drunken world into a responsible temperate one. Con- 

 trast the sober alert locomotive driver of today with the drunken 

 and relatively dull stage driver whom he superseded. 



