110 



c. The fish food supply is greatest in the older members of 

 another series of ponds studied for comparison. In these fishes 

 are numerous in the older ponds, and fish are almost absent 

 from the youngest which is artificial. The greatest food supply 

 in the older sloughs is not, due therefore, to the absent of the 

 fish in question, but to other causes. 



4. Living place of the Ush. The fish are not in the situa- 

 tions which they are known to frequent in large bodies of 

 water, as these situations are not present in slough I, but are 

 present in the others. 



5. Breeding place. These fish are known to breed chiefly 

 on bare bottom. The vegetation and humus which come with 

 age destroy hare bottom and hence Ush breeding places. Slough 

 I is the only one having extensive bare bottom. The fish in 

 question are in the pond containing suitable breeding places, 

 to the neglect of other factors. 



V. Conclusions. 1. Scientific. The breeding habits and 

 distribution of suitable breeding places are the first factors in 

 the distribution and succession of fish, as has been shown for 

 certain beetles and is held for birds. This is crucial to ecological 

 study. 



2. Economic, a. These data indicate clearly that the i)ro- 

 oduction of food fishes of a given area depends upon the availa- 

 bility of suitable breeding i:)laces. 



b. Economic efifort should be directed toward : ( 1 ) The 

 study of the behavior of fish, especially during the breeding 

 season. (2) The cultivation, preservation, and protection by 

 legislation of the breeding places of food and game fishes. 



The following pa])er was ])rcscnlc(l l)y I'rank ('. Gates: 

 RELIC DUNES, A LIEE HISTORY. 



A relic dune is a mound of sand Iqft for a time during the 

 washing away oi a beach. It is but a temporary stage even 

 when well protected by an efficient plant covering. The relic 

 dunes with which this article deals are to be found along the 



