1 68 THE SCOTTISH BOTANICAL REVIEW 



as Transylvania, in Croatia and Samland, and Unger's Typhceoloipum 

 maritimiim, Zoster ites kotsc/iyi, and T. hceringiaiia^ Ett., may be 

 possibly synonymous. What is described by Unger as Typhceoloipian 

 lacustre from Hungary, as well as his Culmites anomalus, appear to 

 be identical with Stur's T. ungeri. The recent species Typha a?igusti- 

 foHa, L., and Sparganium ramosum. L. are found in the Tufa of 

 Montpellier, as well as the latter in Pleistocene deposits in Britain. 



ii. Sparganiacece. 



Cretaceous fossils referred to Sparga?iiu»i, e.g. S. cretaceuni, Heer, 

 appear to be of a very unsatisfactory nature, and so also is S. crassufn 

 from the Miocene of Spitzbergen, and S. lattwi, Weber, from Bonn, 

 which has a median nerve, and has been referred by Heer to Cyperacese. 

 Likewise very problematical is 5. braunii, Heer, from CEningen, the 

 inflorescence of which is very obscure. 



Two widely distributed Tertiary species are S. stygium, Heer, 

 {S. acheronticiim, Unger), and Sp. valdense, Heer { = Sp. neptuni, 

 Ett.) which, under the latter name, is found at Bilin. From the 

 same locality Sp. extinctum, Ett., has been procured. It has an 

 ovoid inflorescence, which may be the result of mineralisation, but in 

 its leaves it bears great resemblance to S. nataiis, L. Spargaimun 

 raviosu?n, L., is found in Preglacial, Interglacial, late Glacial, and later 

 beds and .5". siftiplex, and 6'. minimum in Interglacial beds. 



iii. Pandanacece. 



The British Jurassic fossils referred to Pandanus (screw-pines), 

 have been regarded as gymnospermous. Probably also the Cretaceous 

 fossils from lower Austria, ascribed to Pandanus, are likewise not 

 referable to the group Pandanacese, and may represent, as has been 

 suggested, Cordaitean leaves. 



Seward has shown that the Jurassic species described by 

 Carruthers as Kaidacarpicm are Araucarian, and Podocarya, dis- 

 tinguished by Carruthers but identified as Kaidacarpufji by Heer, 

 is looked upon by the same author,^ as belonging to Bennettites, a 

 cycadean genus. Even K. cretaceum is not above suspicion, and 

 Schimper and Schenk suggest it may represent a stamen rather 

 than a fruit and be referred to Barrotia. 



According to these authors the specimens named by Visiani, 

 Aloites italicus may be referred to Pandanace?e, but Saporta thinks 

 that both the latter and Drac(Ena benstedti remind one of Cordaites. 

 Seward - places Draca'na in a fresh genus Benstedtia,^ in order to 

 mark the uncertainty as to its afifinity, at the same time suggesting 

 its cycadean connection. The superficial resemblance between 



^ " Annals of Botany," 1896, p. 207. 



- Ibid. p. 218. 



^ Miss Stopes, " Geol. Mag.," 191 1, p. 55, places it in Conifers and calls it 

 Coniferocaiilon Benstedtii; but Knowlton, ibid., places it in Beiistedtia, in which 

 Seward placed it, suggesting cycadean affinities. 



