14 



at the same conclusion (55). In my own work I have found 

 this a very convenient method for separating the sexes of the 

 larvae, and in no case has it been misleading. 



In 1887, Mr. K. Adkin, of Loudon, made two contributions to 

 the literature of the flour moth (18, 19) which I have not 

 seen. In aa article published in IS92 (45) he states that the 

 pest is still present in England, and that it is of suffic^iently fre- 

 quent occurrence in granaries, mills, bakeries, etc., to be regarded 

 as an established insect pest. 



In 1889, Miss E. A. Ormerod reports the appearance of the Hour 

 moth in very destructive numbers in England (23) and refers 

 (24) to a new outbreak in a mill in the north of England in 

 1888, the larvae getting into the spouts and machinery and, by 

 their webs, stopping the flow of the Hour. Some of this infested 

 flour was found, on examination, to be little more than a webbed 

 mass full of living larvae, chrysalids, and dead moths. The mill 

 was stopped and thoroughly cleaned, steam was introduced into 

 every part of the place, and the walls and floor beneath were 

 washed with "paraifine" (kerosene). The owner of this infested 

 mill thought the insect came to him in empty sacks returned from 

 some baker, perhaps coming originally from London in this way. 

 In 18L'0 (32) Miss Ormerod reports the pest as still present in 

 England, in one instance being kept in check by frequent 

 fumigation, sulphur being the chief substance used. She gives 

 the results of some inquiries regarding the presence of this 

 insect in other countries, with a short abstract of matter in 

 her Twelfth Report concerning the nature of the attack. Several 

 paragraphs are quoted from Mr. Fletcher's Report for 18:9 (29) and 

 from a Bulletin by Dr. Br3ce (26), both of which are referred 

 to on another page of this article. In her Fourteenth Report 

 (38) Miss Ormerod says that the flour moth may be regarded 

 as thoroughly established in England aid quietly extending itself, 

 and that it is still doing serious damage in the mills from which 

 it was first reported, although expensive preventive measures have 

 been taken to keep it in check. The fact that this insect is 

 present in widely distant parts of England is evidence of the 

 root the insect has taken in that country. 



There is no record of damage by this pest in North America 

 prior to 1889, at which time it appeared in destructive numbers 

 in a large flouring mill in Ontario, Canada. The owner tried 

 every means known to him to destroy the insect, but every effort 

 failed, and he finally appealed to Mr. James Fletcher, Dominion 

 Entomologist, for help. The matter was then brought officially 

 before the notice of the Ontario Government, and the investiga- 

 tion was placed in the hands of Dr. P. H. Bryce, Secretary of 

 the Provincial Board of Health of Ontario, who published the re- 

 sults of his investigation (26) in October, 1889. 



The manager of the mill suspended work, and took down the ma- 

 chinery and subjected it to steaming. The whole mill was then 

 thoroughly cleaned and fumigated with sulphur; the walls and 

 ceilings were scraped and swept; elevator spouts, loose wooden 



