94 



thrown out with the trowel. I could not see as the sides of the 

 cavity were glued by any substance, but of that I could not tell ; 

 they seemed to cut the same as the rest of the dirt." — [Nov. 28, 

 1877. 



"Went out this afternoon and found another chrysalis at the bot- 

 tom of a sloping hole, under circumstances that enabled me to 

 measure the depth, and also take up the lump of dirt containing 

 the chrysalis. The hole was six inches deep from the surface, but 

 standing so that it was about five inches perpendicularly from the 

 surface to the bottom of the hole. Slope a curved one." — [Dec. 11, 

 1877. 



A little more follows in this entry, but of no importance. The 

 next entry is : 



"Brought in six more to-day in the dirt in which found, and put 

 them in two boxes. I find all that stops the top of the hole is a 

 thin film of dirt from one-eighth to one-sixteenth of an inch thick. 

 All are where the ground drains well, and is solid." — [Dec. 12, 

 1877. 



The lump of dirt containing the channel and chrysalis, spoken of 

 in the note of Dec. 11th, was kept just as it came from the field, 

 and was shown to a number of persons. I may as well add one 

 more note, though it relates more to the subject of remedies : 



"Was out yesterday and obtained four more. I find that some 

 of the first that I obtained and put in loose dirt, which I after- 

 wards wet and allowed to freeze, are dead. This gives a hint as to 

 a means of destroying them. If plowed in the fall, their nicely pre- 

 pared cells, that now by their position are well drained and no 

 loose dirt in them, would be broken up, and the chrysalis more or 

 less exposed to the freezing in loose dirt, that would have the same 

 effect as upon these, or destroy most of them." — [Dec. 14, 1877. 



All of these observations, as may be seen from the dates, refer to 

 the fall brood of worms. I dug for them from time to time through 

 the winter, but found nothing different from what is given above. 

 In no instance was there any loose silk about the chrysalis ; though 

 in the summer brood, and where the earth is more loose, this may, 

 perhaps, be found. I doubt not the secretion that is made into a 

 loose cocoon, as quoted from Mr. Frelease, and confirmed by Prof. 

 Comstock, was in this case used m cementing the earth forming 

 the sides of the channel, so as to make them smooth and somewhat 

 firm. The lot taken up in their channels were allowed to freeze in 

 them, without there being any loose dirt around them, and it seemed 

 to have no effect upon them. This smooth, firm channel then 

 seems to be for their protection from the effects of freezing in lati- 

 tudes, where they must be subjected to its influence during the 

 winter. 



The following detailed description of the pupa is from Prof. Com- 

 stock : 



"Pupa: Length, 20 min., (about .80 of an inch): color, reddish- 

 brown, darker towards the head ; polished. The following particulars 

 will be noticed, when examined under the microscope : The head, 

 which narrows in the region of the maxillae to a rounded, some- 



