105 



Either bucket or knapsack pumps may be sufficient where only a 

 few small trees or shrubs are to be sprayed. For very extensive or- 

 chard treatment, however, power-sprayer outfits are necessary ; but the 

 small fruit-grower may best use a good hand-power pump, fitted 

 securely to a barrel or tank. For the lime-sulphur washes these pumps 

 should have no copper about them, but the working parts should be 

 made of brass, and should be easily accessible and easily replaced if 

 broken. All valves must be of brass, and ground to fit perfectly. Each 

 pump should have an agitator with both vertical and horizontal move- 

 ment. Jet agitators are not satisfactory with any kind of hand-power 

 pumps. Have each pump fitted with a cut-off cock for each line of 

 hose used. Twenty-five to thirty-five feet of best black four to five- 

 ply half-inch hose are needed for a hand outfit, or seven-ply hose for 

 a power outfit. Extension poles are necessary. Bamboo poles with iron 

 or brass lining, eight to twelve feet long, fitted with good cut-off valves 

 at their base, will be found the best. Nozzles of the double Vermorel 

 or of the Friend type are very satisfactory with these sprays. The 

 latter is the better of the two, since it has no projections to catch on 

 the branches. A good hand-pump with fittings complete, as just de- 

 scribed, will cost from $18 to $25, according to the size of the pump 

 and the number of accessories. 



Miscellaneous Directions 



Very large trees, and those with brushy tops, should be pruned 

 before spraying; and thickets of plum, peach, and the like, along 

 fences and beside roads, should be cut out and destroyed. It is better 

 that all infested Osage orange hedges be destroyed, as the scale breeds 

 as freely on this plant as on any orchard tree, and it is difficult to 

 spray such a hedge effectively. Trees so heavily infested as to be 

 practically worthless should be dug up and burned, since it will not 

 pay to spray them. Even tho the scale insects may be killed, their in- 

 juries will usually be fatal to the trees. 



Any premises which have once been infested by the San Jose 

 scale should be carefully examined from time to time, especially late 

 in fall, no matter how thoroly and effectively they may have been 

 treated; and so long as living scales can be detected, the infested trees 

 should receive an annual treatment, care being taken to extend the 

 treatment far enough to include adjacent trees to which the insect may 

 possibly have spread. 



Concerted action by all the people of an infested district is very 

 important, since unless all act together an orchard virtually freed from 

 the scale will gradually become reinfested from adjacent premises. 



