79 
curculio injuries was likewise ascertained. Eight trees were used, 
4 of them being sprayed and 4 reserved as checks. Two of the 
trees were treated with Paris green, i with London purple, and i 
with lime. All applications were made eight times, beginning the 
9th of June and continuing until September 3. 
All the apples borne by these trees, 16,529 in number, both those 
which fell and those which remained on the tree, were examined 
one by one, and the results were tabulated for comparison. Al- 
though this was my first work with orchard insecticides, and the 
application was doubtless not made as thoroughly as would now 
be done, the general result of the work with Paris green was to 
save uninjured on the trees 56 per cent, of the apples which would 
otherwise have been injured by curculios — a percentage less than 
was to have been expected in orchard practice because, as noted at 
the time, there were other bearing trees in the orchard, from whicl^ 
those treated unquestionably became reinfested to some extent. As 
apples were not graded at that time, no attempt was made to dis- 
tinguish differences in the crop borne by trees sprayed and those 
left unsprayed as checks, beyond the mere number of the injured 
and uninjured apples; but results which I shall presently describe 
make it certain that the actual percentage of benefit would have been 
much greater than that indicated by these figures if I had also taken 
account of differences in size and c|uality of the fruit. 
Because of repeated reports of general and important, though 
slight, surface injuries to apples by insects in summer and fall, I 
sent an assistant, Mr, E. S. G. Titus, through southern Illinois in 
June and July, 1901, to observe and collect examples of these in- 
juries, and such insects as might be held responsible for them. 
Quantities of blemished fruit were sent to the office for careful 
study, and as a means of rearing any insects which it might contain. 
From this investigation it appeared that much the greater part 
of the injury complained of was due to the plum-curculio, and that 
the control of this insect would virtually protect the apple — a fact 
reported to the Illinois State Horticultural Society for that year, 
and published in its Transactions (p. 148). 
Pursuing the subject further, I read at the meeting of this same 
Society in 1902 an article* prepared by Mr. Titus, the greater part 
of which was given to the work of the plum-curculio in the apple 
orchard. In addition to a report of many careful observations, an 
important suggestion was made in this paper to the effect that, since 
injury to the fruit was least in well-cultivated orchards, cultivation 
♦"Insects, other than the Codling--moth, Injurious to the fruit of the Apple," by E. S. G. 
Titus. Trans. 111. State Hort. Soc, Vol. 36, pp. 158-162. 
