80 
at a time when the bulk of the ciircuhos are in the gTound passing- 
through their transformations might have the effect to diminish 
their number by kilhng them in the pupa state. For this purpose, 
it was said, a midsummer plowing would be necessary, followed by 
harrowing to break up the clods and expose the pupae more thor- 
oughly to the weather. The prompt destruction of the fallen fruit 
and spraying of the trees with Paris green were also prominently 
mentioned. 
The following year, in a paper* on "The Curculio and the 
Apple" presented to the State Horticultural Society, Professor 
C. S. Crandall, of the Plorticultural Department of the Illinois Ex- 
periment Station, gave the results of a season's work, experimental 
and entomological, in an orchard in the western part of the state. 
This article reports the writer's observations, and those of his as- 
•sistant, Mr. James R. Shinn, with respect to many points of inter- 
est in the life history and habits of the plum and the apple-curculios, 
their numbers in the apple orchard, and their injuries to the apple, 
together with the outcome of certain spraying experiments made as 
a test of the insecticide method of controlling their injuries. En- 
tomologists will be especially interested in the precise details of the 
life history and in minor particulars concerning the habits of these 
species. 
The spraying operation was reported as unsuccessful, even thir- 
teen to sixteen applications of Paris green, extending from May 15 
to August 15, seeming virtually without effect. As only 120 trees 
were used in these experiments out of an orchard of one hundred 
and twenty-five acres, and as these experimental trees were divided 
into plats of 10 trees each, it is evident that the sprayed trees were 
subject to continued invasion from the surrounding orchard, suffi- 
cient, possibly, to obliterate the results of the treatment. A sugges- 
tion which I have already mentioned — that of plowing and har- 
rowing infested orchards in midsummer to destroy the pupse in the 
earth — is here reinforced with numerous exact observations as to 
the time of pupation, and the depth to which the curculio larvae 
penetrate for their pupal transformations. 
Experiments oe 1904. 
Owing to the unfavorable outcome of these experiments of 
1903 for the control of curculio injuries by the use of insecticides, 
it became important that measures should be taken to test anew the 
usefulness of the arsenical sprays, especially as these are necessary 
to any program of fairly complete protection to the crop of apples 
♦Trans. 111. State Hort. Society, Vol. 37, pp. 17h-]S9. 
