53 
Lintner, J. A.— Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1879, pp. 28-30. 
1881. Lintner, J. A.— Fortieth Rep. N. Y. State Agr. Soc, 1880, 
pp. 20-24. Separate, pp. 11-15. 
1882. Saunders, W.— Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1881, pp. 38-^3. 
1885. Fletcher, |. — Rep. Ent. Dept. Agr. '. Separate, pp. 
12, 13. 
1891. Ormerod, E. A. — Fourteenth Rep. Inj. Ins., pp. 23-27. 
1894. Davis, G. C— Bull. No. 116, Mich. Agr. Exper. Sta., pp. 
52-56. 
1899. Hunter, W. D.— Ann. Rep. Neb. State Bd. Agr., 1898, pp. 
247-249. 
1906. Webster, F. M.— Circ. No. 69, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., 
pp. 3-7. 
Clover Seed-chalcid 
Bruchophagns funebris How. 
This abundant and energetic chalcid, formerly presumed to be an 
enemy of the clover seed-midge, is now known to be itself one of the 
worst of the clover pests. Instead of being parasitic, like most of the 
chalcids, it eats out the clover^ seeds and reduces the seed crop ma- 
terially. 
The adults — little, compact, black, flylike insects — are common on 
clover heads that are fading and ripening. Seeds containing the larvae 
of this chalcid become brown, brittle, and hollow, and when the clover 
is threshed, the empty shells left by the adults are swept away with 
the chaff. 
Not until 1896 was this ubiquitous insect suspected of being a 
clover pest, and up to the present time its life history and habits have 
remained almost a blank, except for what E. S. G. Titus has written. 
The present account makes considerable additions to the knowledge 
of the subject. 
Distribution. — Vermont, Rhode Island, New York, Delaware, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
Michigan, Kansas, Mississippi, Minnesota, Colorado, California, Ore- 
gon, and Washington. Most of these records are from Titus, who 
reared the insect from clover heads obtained from various states. 
Food Plants. — Red clover is the chief food plant, tho crimson 
clover is badly affected, according to Hopkins. Alfalfa is another food 
plant, but one of minor importance in my experience. I have not 
found the chalcid on white clover, but have seen the adults on mam- 
moth clover. 
Injury. — It was A. D. Hopkins who found that this chalcid eats 
the seed, instead of being a parasite upon some insect. 
The larva requires a seed that is going to grow, and this need is 
provided for by the egg-laying habits of the female. She does not lay 
her eggs in green heads, but selects, primarily, heads that have just 
