69 
that the tree breaks by wind pressure where most bored, tisnally 
near the ground, sometimes ten or twenty feet up ; that the decay 
begins at the center and progresses outwardly; that, avoiding the 
outward shell and the inward mush, the larvje feed where decay is 
incipient; that, as one of the sections plainly shows, if they venture 
too near the surface they fall a prey to the woodpeckers; that away 
from browsing live stock young ash seedlings remain healthy and 
plentiful; that this insect is most numerous in trees of full, mature 
Fig. 1. Heart-wood Borer, Parandra brunnea, work of larva in base of soft maple in 
Urbana, weakening the base so that the tree fell during a high wind. 
growth; and that exposure of the trunk to the sun hastens the in- 
crease of the insect. 
Packard, in the Fifth Report of the United States Entomologi- 
cal Commission, says on the authority of Mr. Chittenden that the 
species has been taken under the bark of oak trees and is very com- 
mon under the bark of cultivated cherry trees. Lugger says that in 
Minnesota it is very common under the bark of pine ; and Gibson 
quotes Townsend as saying that it is found under basswood bark, 
and that it infests a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. 
Quite recently, Snyder* has reported this species as seriously 
injurious to chestnut telephone and telegraph poles, shortening their 
-*Bull. 94, Pt. 1, Bureau of Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr. 
