71 
An examination of tlie trees showed numerous larv?e, with 
remnants of adults of Parandra brniiiica. The attack seems to 
begin at the base, less commonly higher up on the trunk, and prob- 
ably at some point of injury and decay. The larva; then work up- 
wards, especially about the central axis, into living heart-wood, 
which they riddle and cause to decay until the base is a mere shell. 
The riddled space is usually roughly conical in form. 
A large soft maple tree about two feet in diameter on a street 
near the University of Illinois, had some large roots cut away close 
to its base to make room for a sidewalk. The exposed surface de- 
cayed, of course, and some years later, in August, 1907, the tree 
blew down. It was examined August 5 by Mr. J. D. Hood, who 
found the entire base honeycombed with burrows, this honeycombed 
Fig. 4. Heart-wood Borer, 
Parandra brunnea: a, larva, 
enlarged as indicated; b, 
side view of its head and 
fore part; c, clypeus and 
labrum. (U. S. Dept. of 
Agriculture.) 
Fig. 5. Heart- 
wood Borer, Par- 
a 71 d r a brunnea, 
pupa. Pinlarged 
as indicated. 
(U. S. Dept. of 
Agriculture.) 
portion extending upwards conically into the heart of the trunk. 
The newest burrows were evidently close to the outer sides of the 
cone, next to or in Hving wood. Adult beetles of Parandra brunnea 
were found in crevices in the broken end, and a number were seen 
flying near by at dusk. Another tree w'ith a similar history is 
shown in Fig. i. 
An examination of the shade trees in various parts of Urbana 
shows very many trees in similar condition. There is a small cavity 
formed by the decay of an injured or amputated projecting root- 
head, and a slope of comminuted decayed wood in the opening, 
fallen from the workings above. On this one may occasionally see 
a red-brown wing case or other fragment of the adult Parandra. 
