COMPARISON WITH ROUND-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER 
So little is published of this insect as a fruit-tree borer that its 
work has probably been commonly attributed to the round-headed 
borer, from which, however, it may be easily distinguished. The 
white larva, about an inch long, resembles a round-head (ceram- 
bycid) larva, but is somewhat more cylindrical, and is distinctly 
different in the aspect of the head and thorax. The head is small 
and attached at the lower anterior edge of the thorax, rather than 
centrally as in the common round-headed apple borer. The thorax is 
quite thick and its upper anterior edge is very prominent. This larva 
has been fully described by Osten-Sacken (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 
Vol. I, p. ii8). The adult beetle of the round-headed apple 
borer {Saperda Candida) is brown with white stripes, and about an 
inch long, but the Parandra adult is chestnut red-brown in color, 
and of a narrow oblong form, quite parallel-sided and somewhat 
flattened. The round-headed borer attacks the branches more than 
the trunk, working under the bark and boring into the wood; the 
Parandra, while there are numerous records of its occurrence under 
bark, appears to be more commonly a heart-wood borer, working in 
the lower part of the trunk. 
LIFE HISTORY 
There is probably not more than one generation in a year. Our 
larvse collected in December became adults July 17 to August 7. 
Pupa? were reported abundant in July. The adults were seen flying 
about actively at dusk August 5. According to Snyder,* the adults 
fly from July to September. Our latest date for the adult in gen- 
eral collections is September 25. Snyder says the eggs are probably 
laid from August to October. The presence in one case of numer- 
ous larvae over half grown August 27, just subsequent to a period 
of pupation and emergence, and the fact that Gahan bred adults in 
July, 1908, from larvse obtained December, 1906, indicates the 
probability of a two-year period. 
SUMMARY 
To summarize, fruit and small trees of all kinds, including ever- 
greens, frequently become infested by this species at the base, es- 
pecially where an injury or amputation has caused the beginnings 
of decay; the larv?e work upward and outward from the center, 
completely riddling the heart-wood, apparently entering living 
tissue, greatly accelerating the decay of the base to a mere shell, 
thus causing the death or fall of the tree; the conditions along city 
streets are favorable to its attack ; the seriousness and extent of its 
injury have not been fully appreciated, and in the case of fruit 
trees this has been confused with that of the round-headed borer, 
*Bull. 94. Pt. 1, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 4. 
