ECONOMIC BOTANY OF ALASKA. 81 
Supplementary Geographical, Climatological and Ethnological 
Notes. 
SPHAGNOUS MARSHES, numerous in all parts of Alaska, are 
a marked feature in its topography and largely influence its 
limited flora. They vary in extent from one or two acres to 
more than a hundred, and though generally nearly flat, they 
sometimes slope at a considerable angle without in any way 
changing their general appearance or quality or lessening 
to any great extent the proportionate amount of water held 
by the moss-covered surface. They are the favorite habitat 
of some trees and numerous plants that are driven from the 
mountain slopes by the cold and from the coniferous woods 
by the dense undergrowth prevailing there. Among the 
plants to be found here might be mentioned Coptis trifolia, 
Nympheea polysepala (in ponds), Viola Langsdorffii, Viola 
palustris, Geum calthifolium, Potentilla palustris (in ponds), 
Rubus Chameemorus, Drosera Anglica, D. rotundifolia, Aster 
foliaceus, Andromeda polifolia, Kalmia glauca, Ledum lati- 
folium, Vaccinium arbuscula, V. oxycoccus, V. vitis-idea, 
Vaccinium —, Gentiana Douglasiana, Menyanthes 
Christa-galli, M. trifoliata, Comandra livida, Empetrum 
nigrum, Juniperus nana, Tsuga Pattoniana, Pinus contorta, 
P. Murrayana, Habenaria hyperborea, H. leucostachys, Spi- 
ranthes Romanzoffiana (rare), Tofieldia glutinosa, Eriopho- 
rum russeolum (rare), Eriophorum polystachyon, Equisetum 
—, Lycopodium annotium, L. clavatum, L. dendroi- 
deum, Selaginella selaginoides, besides some of the sedges 
and grasses. While on the borders may be found such 
Plants as Viola glabella, Spiræa Douglasii var. Menziesii, 
and Aster peregrinus. 
UPLAND mEApows. This name I use for lack of a better 
term. The tracts to which I apply it are usually gently 
sloping , Open, treeless reaches, near to, but below-timber line, 
commonly dotted with numerous small ponds, lipped on the 
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