ROSACEA. 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 69 
Pyrus Sinensis, a native of northern China, has long been cultivated on an extensive scale in China’ 
and Japan * for its large and handsome fruit, and recently has attracted the attention of pomologists in 
the United States and Europet The fruit of most of the species, especially of those of the section Sor- 
bus, contains malic and tartaric acids,’ and the unripe fruit and bark of these plants are astringent 
and are sometimes employed medicinally.® 
The wood of Pyrus is hard, heavy, and close-grained, and that of several of the species is esteemed 
by millwrights, turners, and engravers, and makes excellent fuel. The beauty and abundance of their — 
flowers and fruit, their excellent habit, and their hardiness, make many of the species valuable garden 
plants, particularly the Asiatie Pyrus baccata" with its numerous varieties, Pyrus Toringo, Pyrus 
spectabilis, Pyrus salicifolia,” the various North American species, and the species of Sorbus” and 
Aria.” 
the mare or refuse left after the juice has been extracted from the 
fruit for cider, the mass being again subjected to pressure. Cider 
is manufactured principally in the eastern United States, in several 
English counties, principally Herefordshire, Devonshire, and Somer- 
set, in Normandy and Brittany in France, and in northern Germany. 
Vinegar is sometimes made from cider which has soured owing to 
a deficiency of alcohol, by exposure to spontaneous acetification. 
Perry, which resembles cider, is made by the same process from 
varieties of the pear selected on account of their austere juice. It 
is principally produced in southern England and in western France, 
where Pear-trees are cultivated on a large scale for this purpose 
(Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 884. —Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial 
Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, i. 414, 421). 
1 Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 396 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1248. — 
Decaisne, Le Jardin Fruitier, i. Poirier, 331, t. 5.— Maximowicz, 
Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 172 (Mel. Biol. ix. 168). — 
Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 257. 
Pyrus communis, Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 207 (not Linnzeus). 
Pyrus Ussuriensis, Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 102. 
2 Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. 321.— Bretschneider, Early European Re- 
searches into the Flora of China, 150. 
8 With the exception of the Persimmon the Pear is the most com- 
mon fruit-tree of Japan, where it was early introduced from northern 
China. Several varieties have been developed in Japanese gardens, 
but they differ less from each other than the pears of European 
origin, although some ripen in the summer and others in the autumn. 
In the neighborhood of large cities there are Pear-orchards in which 
the trees are carefully cultivated and manured ; the tops are trained. 
over Bamboo frames, and too vigorous shoots are removed to insure 
the production of large crops of fruit. The trees are propagated 
by grafting selected varieties on seedling stocks, and often by cut- 
tings which are made in March from stout yearling shoots ; these are 
pointed, their ends are charred, and they are then set in rows in 
deep rich soil, and at the end of a few years are transplanted into 
the orchards (Rein, Japan nach Reisen und Studien im Auftrage der 
Koniglich Preussischen Regierung, ii. 99). 
4 Downing, The Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, ed. 2, 851. — 
Gard. Chron. n. ser. iv. 456, £. 95 ; ser. 3, ix. 141, £.36.— Rev. Hort. 
1878, 310, t. ; 1885, 286, f. 49. 
5 Baillon, Traité Bot. Med. 559. 
6 Linneus, Mat. Med. 81.—Stillé & Maisch, Nat. Dispens. 1334. 
7 Linneus, Mant. 75.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 635. — Maximo- 
wiez, 1. c. 166.— Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 373. — Forbes & Hems- 
ley, 1. c. 255. 
Pyrus baccata, which is widely distributed in Siberia, in the Hima- 
layas, and in northern China and Japan, has been cultivated as a 
garden ornament by the Chinese and Japanese from very early 
times, and many forms have been developed in their gardens dif- 
fering in the habit of the plants, in the size and character of the 
fruit, and in the color of the flowers, which are sometimes semi- 
double; among these varieties are some of the most beautiful of 
all flowering trees, and their free-fl ing habit, hardi 
munity from disease and the attacks of insects commend them to 
the attention of gardeners (Fl. des Serres, xv. 161, t. 1585, 1586, 
1587. — Carriére, Pommiers Microcarpes, 68.— Garden and Forest, 
ii. 260, 520, £. 139). 
® Siebold, Cat. Rais. i, 4.— Koch, Dendr. i. 212. — Maximo- 
wicz, J. c. 167. 
Pyrus Sieboldii, Regel, Gartenflora, viii. 82. 
Malus Toringo, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1872, 210, £. 25; Pommiers 
Microcarpes, 61, f. 11. 
9 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 175. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 141, t. 42, 
£. 2.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 50, t. 50. — Koch, J. c. 209. — Maxi- 
mowicz, l. c. 166. — Forbes & Hemsley, J. ¢. 258. 
This tree, which is believed to be a native of northern China 
and is known in cultivation only in a form with semidouble flowers, 
is one of the handsomest of the small-fruited Apple-trees, appear- 
ing in gardens as a tree-like shrub with erect slightly spreading 
and im- 
branches, which are covered every spring with masses of fragrant 
pink or rose-colored flowers (Garden and Forest, i. 272, £. 214; ii. 
260). 
1 Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 255.— Pallas, FU. Ross. i. 20, 
t. 9; Voyages, v. 504, t. 11, f. 1.— Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 189, 
t. 56. — Bot. Reg. t. 514. — Decaisne, 1. c. 310, t. 12. — Koch, Lc. 
218. 
1. The Old World Sorbus (Pyrus aucuparia, Gertner, Fruct. ii. 
45, t. 87 [Sorbus aucuparia, Linneus, Spec. 477. — Maximowicz, J. c. 
170]), the Scottish Rowan-tree or Mountain Ash, is widely dis- 
tributed through the forests of mountainous regions from the shores 
of the Atlantic Ocean to Japan, extending north to the arctic circle, 
where it is reduced to a stunted shrub. For centuries it has been 
a favorite tree with planters, and varieties with yellow and with 
orange-colored fruit and with pendulous branches have appeared. 
(See Gilpin, Forest Scenery, ed. 2, 138. — Loudon, J. c. 916.) 
The fruit of the Rowan-tree is greedily devoured by birds, and it 
is often planted to supply them with food. The fruit is sometimes 
made into flour, or is eaten uncooked in northern Europe and in 
Siberia ; infused with water it produces a pleasant subacid bever- 
age, and by distillation a powerful spirit. The wood, which is hard 
and close-grained, is often used for the handles of tools and the 
cogs of wheels, and by wheelwrights and turners (Evelyn, Silva, 
ed. Hunter, i. 211. — Mathieu, Flore Forestiere, ed. 2, 131). 
22 Pyrus Aria (Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 20), the White Beam-tree, is 
distributed from western Europe to Japan, and is common in the 
