84 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
ROSACEA. 
one’ ranges southward to the mountains of Ecuador, the most southern country which any member of 
the genus is known to reach. In Europe, where Crataegus is distributed from Scandinavia to the shores 
of the Mediterranean and from the Atlantic to the Black Sea, fourteen species are now generally recog- 
nized ;? in the Orient® six endemic species are known; two occur in the Himalayan regions of central 
Asia,* and three in China and Japan.’ 
Crategus has few useful properties. The wood of all the species is heavy, hard and solid, and is 
sometimes used for levers, the handles of tools, and other small articles.° In the United States the fruit 
of some of the species is made into jellies and preserves, and in northern China the fruit of Crataegus 
pinnatifida’ is employed for the same purpose.® The Old World Crategus Oxyacantha, the most 
widely distributed plant of the genus, is sometimes cultivated in Afghanistan and the northwestern 
Himalayas as a fruit-tree,” and in some parts of Europe its fruit is fermented and used to strengthen 
cider and perry." Many of the species are esteemed as ornamental plants, and Crategus Oxyacantha, 
with its numerous varieties developed in cultivation, has been for centuries a favorite park and hedge 
plant in Europe.” 
The American species of Crategus are preyed upon by numerous insects,” and are often injured 
by serious fungal diseases.” 
The generic name, from xpévos, refers to the strength of the wood produced by the different 
species. 
1 Crategus stipulosa, Steudel, Nom. Bot. ed. 2, i. 434. 
Mespilus stipulosa, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et 
Spec. vi. 213, — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aiquin. iii. 462. 
2 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 243. 
8 Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 660. 
4 Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 383. 
5 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 140. — Maximowicz, 
Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg. xix. 176 (Mel. Biol. ix. 175).— 
Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 259. 
6 The wood of Crategus Oxyacantha has been found the best 
substitute for Boxwood in wood-engraving (Jackson, Commercial 
Botany of the 19th Century, 156). 
7 Bunge, Mém. Sav. tr. St. Pétersbourg, ii. 100 (Enum. Pl. Chin. 
Bor. 26). — Franchet, Pl. David. 118. — Maximowicz, 1. c. — Forbes 
& Hemsley, J. ¢. 
8 Bretschneider, Early European Researches into the Flora of 
China, 127. 
9 Linneeus, Spec. 477. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 628. — Boissier, 
1. c. 664. — Hooker f. J. c. 
10 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 207. 
11 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 837. 
2 Crategus Oxyacantha is widely and generally distributed. 
through the forests of Europe and central Asia ; for many centu- 
ries it has been cultivated in Europe as a hedge plant, for which 
purpose it is fitted by its rigid and well-armed branches, and Haw- 
thorn hedges are common in all parts of Great Britain, where, too, 
this tree is a conspicuous and beautiful feature in all parks and 
many gardens. (See Loudon, /.c.) The Hawthorn was early in- 
troduced into the United States, but the heat and dryness of our 
summers cause the growth of many fungal enemies on its foliage 
and fruit, and its beauty is thus destroyed early in the season. 
18 American Hawthorns are attacked by many insects which prey 
particularly on their foliage. Packard (5th Rep. U. S. Entomolog. 
Comm. 1886-1890, 532) enumerates forty-six species which afflict 
the trees of this genus in the United States ; these have been noted 
Tent-caterpillars, 
Fall Web-worms, and Canker-worms sometimes infest our Haw- 
chiefly in the eastern part of the continent. 
thorns to such an extent as to make them a danger to neighboring 
orchards, 
attack Hawthorns also, in addition to other species which are pe- 
The larvee of several species of Catocala have 
Most of the insects which live upon Prunus and Pyrus 
culiar to them. 
been found feeding on these trees as well as a number of leaf- 
miners, among which are Nepticula crategifoliella, Clemens, Ornix 
crategifoliella, Clemens, Lithocolletis crategella, Clemens, and others. 
Aphids and mites also affect the foliage, and the trunks are often 
injured by Apple-tree Borers. Certain species of Cureulio, like 
Anthonomus Crategi, Walsh, Conotrachelus Naso, Leconte, and Co- 
notrachelus posticatus, Say, live within the fruit. 
4 Different Restelie occur on the fruit and young branches of 
most of the American species of Cratzgus as well as on Pyrus and 
Amelanchier, and a Cluster Cup, Restelia pyrata, Thaxter, makes 
rings on the under surface of the leaves of several species. Among 
other fungi which attack Crategus are Entomosy I 
Levéillé, with curious ciliated spores, and most of the species 
which attack Pyrus can be found also on Crategus. 
um 
