STUDIES IN THE COMPOSITA. 249 
that in describing them he gives a very full diagnosis of 
the type-species, and then compares with it, in very few 
words, those nearest to it. They are all, with him, species 
of Chrysanthemum. The description of B. tripartita occupies 
twelve lines across a wide folio page. This is a type, even 
among groups of so-called Chrysanthemum. Next to it he 
places the American species in question, only briefly indi- 
cating the points wherein it differs from the others. It is 
said to be both taller and stouter, the stems more red. Its 
achenes, according to him, differ from those of the other 
only in being larger. He has, however, described those of 
B. tripartita as being black; therefore by the surest of 
inferences in the predestined B. frondosa he found them 
black; just the character which suggested the name for Mr. 
Wiegand’s B. melanocarpa. It can not be believed, by one 
who has read this page by Morison, that if the plant then 
cultivated in Old World botanic gardens had had the olive- 
green or even yellowish-green achenes of my B. vulgata, (B. 
frondosa, Wiegand), this most discriminating student of plants 
would have failed to set this down as one of the characters 
by which it may be distinguished from B. tripartita, the 
“seeds” of which he says are black. 
Again: no mention is made by Morison or any other 
early or late author of any disparity between B. tripartita, 
and B. frondosa as to the size of the heads. They are 
therefore to be concluded as quite alike, or at least approxi- 
mately so, in the two, as regards size; and actually there is 
no appreciable average difference of size between the heads of 
B. tripartita and B.melanocarpa; and so we have a third strong 
character for establishing identity between the original B. 
frondosa and B. melanocarpa; for in B. vulgata they are con- 
stantly of twice or thrice the size of those of the other ‘wo. 
One of the marks of B. vulgata, as I indicated in the 
