96 On the Adverbial Genitive Case in English. 
per surface of the cranium. On the most careful dissection no 
traces of eyes were found. . 
From the above description it appears that this fish, inhabiting a 
dark cavern, is reduced, as regards its organs of vision, to a much 
more imperfect condition than the Proteus anguinus, inhabiting 
the subterranean caverns of Illyria, or the common mole, in 
both of which eyes exist, although of a microscopic size. Dr. 
Dekay has placed this fish among the Siluride; though, as he 
distinctly states, only provisionally. ‘The presence of scales and 
cecal appendages to the pylorus, as well as the absence of cirrhi 
about the mouth, would seem to indicate feeble affinities with 
the Siluride. The parts entering into the composition of the 
brain, when compared with those of the Pimelodus, present many 
differences in the size and proportions. Its true affinities cannot 
be well determined until an opportunity shall be afforded by fu- 
ture dissections for the examination of its osteology. 
Art. XII.—On the Adverbial Genitive Case in English; by 
Prof. J. W. Gupss. 
Tue genitive case in English is usually regarded as altogether 
adnominal, i. e. as used only in connection with a noun. Hence 
the only rule in our common grammars concerning this case is, 
that it is governed by a substantive, either expressed, or implied 
by the context. In the other Teutonic dialects, however, this 
case is also used adverbially, i. e. in connection with a verb, and 
that to indicate various relations. This adverbial use of the gen- 
itive, although generally overlooked, and often misunderstood, 
may be shown to exist also in English in several classes of words. 
I. This genitive is found in a few substantives, and that with- 
out any preposition preceding. es 
1. Needs, (Old Eng. nedes, needes;) of or from necessity- 
hus, ; 
Soche thinges muste nedes be.— Tyndale, 1534, Mark 13: 7- 
ei oe needes goe forth and see it—Rhemish Version: Luke 
He will needs be a judge.—Gen. 19: 9. : 
Needs here is the genitive of need. Comp. Anglo-Sax. nedes 
or nydes, of necessity, composed of ned or nyd, necessity, and és; 
the termination of the genitive singular masculine. 
