xl INTRODUCTION. 
note down whether such bones were found in loose soil, in solid rock, or in 
caverns. 
It will be interesting to ascertain what mines, quarries, or caverns exist, 
where the different metals, coal, salt, slate, limestone, &c. are found, and if 
worked, in what manner. 
It will be desirable to note down the distance of the mountains or hills on 
both sides of the Congo, their height, from conjecture, when no means offer for 
their measurement, their form, which of the sides are steepest, how their strata 
are disposed, how much they dip, and in what direction ; whether they disappear 
by dipping under the soil, or by the intersection of valleys. 
It will also be desirable to note down all the places where two rocks of a 
different nature may be seen in contact, and to what extent each may be traced. 
And for your further assistance in this interesting subject, a printed copy 
of geological inquiries, published by the Geological Society, accompanies these 
instructions. 
Mr. Tudor, the Comparative Anatomist, is directed by his instructions, to ex- 
amine the structure and habits of all new and -ancommon animals, and it will 
therefore be desirable that he should always accompany the collector of objects 
of natural history, when detached, either on the river or on shore. 
One portion of his collection, consisting of the internal parts of animals, and 
of the smaller animals in an entire state, will be required to be preserved 
in spirits, but of these he is not to preserve more than. triplicates of each 
specimen. 
The external parts of animals, as their skulls, skins, feet, &c. he is directed to 
preserve in a dry state, and the specimens of each, as before, not to-exceed three 
in number. 
Any preparations he may have made at the time of the departure of the 
transport from the Zaire, you are to send home, along with a copy of his jour- 
nal, in that transport. 
Mr. Cranch, Collector of objects of natural history, by his instructions, is 
directed to commence his operations on the voyage outwards ; to fish up out of 
the sea, by a dipping net from the chains, and by such other means as may be 
most likely to succeed, whatever sea-weeds or animals may float alongside, par- 
ticularly of the class of mollusca, which he is directed to preserve in spirit, and 
to send home by the transport on her return from the Zaire. 
On the progress of the expedition up the Zaire, he is instructed to collect all 
unknown fishes, shells, and crustacea, insects and reptiles, birds, beasts, am- 
phibia, and in short, whatever may occur in the animal kingdom, which he is 
