SPIROCHATA BALBIANII AND SPIROCHATA ANODONTH. 3 
hand, regard the Spirochetes as Protozoa, more especially 
on account of Schaudinn’s remarkable memoir on the 
Trypanosomes and Heemosporidia of the little owl (Athene 
noctua) and the occurrence of so-called Spirochete stages. 
Schaudinn himself, however, modified his own views later, 
and acknowledged that Spirocheta ziemanni was really 
a thin elongate Trypanosome. 
The type species of the genus Spirocheta (Hhrenberg) 
is 8. plicatilis, founded by Ehrenberg in 1833, and obtained 
from muddy pond-water. According to Schaudinn (1905) 
this type-species possesses an undulating membrane. Strict 
members of the genus Spirocheta should, then, possess an 
undulating membrane, while the members of the genus 
Spirillum are characterised by the presence of flagella 
( cilia’? of French authors), especially terminal ones. 
A closely related organism to these is Treponema 
(Spirocheta) pallidum (Schaudinn) from syphilitic 
lesions. 
The generic and specific characters of these and related 
forms are in a most confused state. Even in memoirs by 
well-known medical authors we read of the ‘“‘ Spirochetes of 
Spirillosis,” a phrase which must grate on the ear of both 
zoologist and bacteriologist. Before, then, any very definite 
advance can be made, it is necessary to obtain precise 
accounts of the movements and structure of some Spiro- 
cheetes, irrespective of the inoculation experiments of the 
pathologist or the fanciful phylogenies of the compiler. 
Protistology, at this stage of its development, has—it seems 
to me—little use for the mere compiler, whose chief delight 
is in balancing the conflicting statements of others and sub- 
mitting a new view of his own, sometimes even without 
seeing the specimen, which procedure only adds to the 
confusion. In other words, it is necessary to study living 
material with patience and determination, leaving, to some 
extent, the question of hypothesis or affinity as a sequel to 
the study. 
Whilst working in France during July and August, 1906, I 
