21 



By protecting the birds, and encouraging them to remain about the wood-lot 

 and farm and rear their young there, one can do much towards controlUng the leaf- 

 and bark-feeding insects. 



It is always advisable to destroy, while they are small, the tents of the tent- 

 caterpillars, and the fall web-worms found on shade trees, but little direct work of 

 this kind will be feasible over any considerable area. If we ever have to control 

 the Brown-toil Moth and the Gipsy Moth in this Province such work will, however, 

 be necessary no matter what the cost. 



The Aphides or Plant-lice have been injurious in this Province for some years, 

 particularly to pines. They do not, fortunately, kill the trees. Certain gall- 

 producing aphids of the genus Chermes, abietis^ similis and floccus, are seriously 

 injuring the spruce in various localities. They can be controlled on shade and 

 ornamental trees by spraying with whale-oil soap, or kerosene emulsion; under 

 forest conditions they are quite beyond our control. 



Certain scale-insects allied to the genera Lecanium and Kermes have recently 

 been injurious to broad-leaved trees of several species, and to spruce. These again 

 can be controlled on a limited number of valuable trees, but not in the forest. 



The destructive bark-boring insects belong chiefly to several Coleopterous 

 families of which the Ipidae is the most important. Certain of the bark-boring 

 species of this family are extremely destructive, perhaps the most injurious of all 

 our forest insects, and, fortunately, they are not too difficult of control, even under 

 forest conditions, when dealt with promptly and intelligently. 



Our wood-boring species belong to the Coleopterous families Ipidae, Ceramby- 

 cidae, Buprestidae, Ptinidae, and others, and the Lepidopterous famihes Sesiidae 

 and Cossidae. These drive their tunnels more or less deeply into the wood, which 

 is thereby injured for all valuable purposes. 



The control of such bark and wood-boring insects in wood-lots consists in 

 remo\ing all injured, dying and dead wood during winter and using it for fire- 

 wood, or otherwise burning it, before spring. All useless slash, shelf-fungi, and 

 other useless but dangerous parts should be burned before spring. All injured or 

 dying trees with the under-bark filled with bark-beetles should be used for fire- 

 wood during winter, or felled and barked before spring. The bark should be 

 burned. Stumps should be cut as low as possible, and at least partially barked. 

 Logs which must be left in the woods during the months of June and July should 

 be barked before the last of May. Care should be taken to injure the standing 

 trees as little as possible during cutting operations. Torn bark and broken limbs 

 are certain to be entered by insects and fungi. 



