82 



(g) Snout Beetles gnawing off the bark in patches — Imbricated Snout- 

 Beetle (Epicaerus imbricatus). 



The Buds— 



(a) Folding together the opening leaves and feeding within — Oblique 

 Banded Leaf-Roller (Cacoecia rosaceana), and Leaf Grumpier (Phycis 

 indiginella) . 



(b) Eating the centre of the bud, or tunnelling it — Eye-Spotted Bud Moth 



(Tmetocera ocellana). 



(c) Measuring Worms, eating leaves of buds — Canker Worms (Alsophila 

 pometaria) . 



(d) Caterpillars feeding with pistol-shaped cases and eating irregular holes 

 in the bud leaves — Pistol Case-Bearer (Coleophora malivorella). 



(e) Caterpillars feeding within cigar-shaped cases and eating" small round 

 holes in the bud leaves — Cigar Case-Bearer (Coleophora fletcherella). 



The Leaves — 



(a) Gregarious caterpillars. 



1. Caterpillars protected by webs — 



(a) Webs in forks of branches in spring — Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa 

 Americana). 



(b) Webs covering the leaves in summer and early autumn — Fail Web-Worm 



(Hyphantria cunea). 



(c) Leaves partly eaten and drawn together by a web — Palmer Worm 



(Ypsolophus pometellus). 



2. Caterpillars not protected by a web — 



(a) Clustered on limbs — Yellow-necked Caterpillar (Datana ministra). 



(b) Red-Humped Apple-Tree Caterpillar (Oedemasia concinna). 



3. Green soft-bodied insects with sucking mouths— Plant Lice. 



(b) Solitary Caterpillars. 



