1864.] Kiva on the Reputed Fossil Man of the Neanderthal. 89 
by some workmen while quarrying the rock where the cave occurs ; 
but, knowing nothing of the importance of the discovery, and being 
very careless about it, they secured chiefly only the larger bones. 
Fortunately these fell into the hands of Fuhlrott, and they were 
shortly afterwards described by Professor Schaaffhausen, of Bonn. 
The principal parts of the skeleton which have been preserved are the 
cranium ; both thigh bones, perfect ; a perfect right humerus ; a per- 
fect radius; the upper third of a right ulna corresponding to the 
humerus and radius; a left humerus, of which the upper third is 
wanting ; a left ulna; a left ilium, almost perfect ; a fragment of the 
right scapula; the anterior extremities of a rib of the right side; the 
same part of a rib of the left side; the hinder part of a rib of the 
right side; and two short hinder portions, and one middle portion of 
some other ribs. 
The skeleton, or rather, as much as is preserved of it, is charac- 
terized by unusual thickness, and a great development of all the 
elevations and depressions for the attachment of the muscles. The 
ribs, which have a singularly rounded shape, and an abrupt curvature, 
more closely resemble the corresponding bones of a carnivorous 
animal, than those of man.* 
Although a difficulty may be felt in resting a satisfactory argument 
upon merely the great size of its osseous framework, and the pecu- 
liar form of its ribs, it cannot but be admitted that these characters 
afforded some grounds for the belief, at first entertained, that the 
Neanderthal fossil had not belonged to a human being. Whether a 
more close examination of other parts of the fossil will confirm this 
hypothesis, it is the object of the present paper to determine. 
The skull is deficient in its basal and facial portions, but retains 
all the parts lying above a line connecting the glabella—or space 
between the eye-brows—and the centre of the posterior part of the 
skull immediately above the hollow of the neck, to which the name 
occipital or posterior tubercle is given.{ Fortunately the parts 
alluded to, which are of uncommon thickness, enable one to determine 
some highly important points in craniology. 
The frontal—or bone of the forehead {—possesses the upper border 
and roof-plate of the eye-sockets, the inter-orbital space, the orifices 
of the frontal sinuses, and both outer orbital processes: the upper 
part of the alisphenoid belonging to the right side appears also to be 
present. The occipital—or posterior bone—retains, in addition to the 
tubercle, the superior transverse ridges. The parietals—or upper 
side-bones—possess the impression of the temporal squamosal. The 
temporals—or lower side-bones—are broken off, though it would appear 
from Huxley’s figure,§ that the mammillary portion of the left one is 
still preserved. The lambdoidal sutwre—or joining of the parietals 
* See Busk’s translation of Schaaffhausen’s paper in the ‘ Natural History 
Review, 1861, pp. 158-162. 
; a ae line A A, in Fig. 1, Plate I., passes from the glabella to the occipital 
ubercie, 
eae explanation of the individual parts of the skull is prefixed to Plates I. 
an . 
§ See ‘Man’s Place in Nature,’ Fig. 25 A, facing page 138. 
