CULTURE. 113 



For 'beds or dwarf trees or bushes, perhaps no 

 roses are so admirably adapted. The summer 

 thinning and pruning above recommended is 

 quite necessary, and they will amply repay any 

 extra care. For this kind of culture, however — 

 I speak from the firmest convictions, brought on 

 by long experience — there is no mode equal to 

 the removal system, unless in a soil exceptionally 

 suited to the rose. Generally, this may be done 

 biennially ; but in light, poor, easily exhausted 

 soils, it may be done annually : early in November 

 is the best period, and the mode very simple : — 

 Take up every plant carefully, and shorten any 

 long straggling roots to within the compass of the 

 usual mass of fibrous roots ; stir the border well 

 with Winton Parkes' steel forks to the depth of 

 twenty inches, then prune and replant the trees, 

 giving to each one or two shovelsfid of rotten 

 manure and loam, equal parts, if the soil be 

 light and sandy ; rotten manure and road sand, if 

 it be cold and heavy ; one shovelful will do if the 

 trees are removed annually, two will be required 

 if they are removed biennially. Standards, when 

 they do not flourish and give their flowers in 

 autumn, may be treated in the same manner with 

 great advantage. 



As pillar roses some of the vigorous-growing 



varieties are highly eligible ; they should be 



treated in the same manner as recommended for 



summer pillar roses, given in p. 37 : they will 



I 



