LEARNING OF MAZE BY AMBYSTOMA 30 
general level of the third is somewhat lower than that of the 
second. The average interval for the first trials of all the ani- 
mals in ten successive series of trials is 136.2 seconds; while that 
for the second trials is 80.1 seconds; and that for the third trials 
is 75.9 seconds. Obviously, the advantage of a second trial im- 
mediately following a first is much greater than the advantage 
of a series of trials following a series on the preceding day. 
The results of this study justify the conclusion that the late 
larvae of Ambystoma tigrinuwm are capable, in at least a low 
degree, of learning by repetition. The running of a simple 
maze is accomplished in less time and with appreciably less ef- 
fort in a second and a third trial than in the first trial imme- 
diately preceding. The repeated running of the maze at daily 
or longer intervals results in the acquisition of simple habits 
which are retained at least for a short time. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
Abbott, C. C. The Intelligence of Batrachians. Science, vol. 3, pp. 66- 
67. 
Churchill, E. P. Jr. 1916 The Learning of a maze by goldfish. Jour. 
Animal Behavior, vol. 6, pp. 247-255. 
Goldsmith, M. 1914 Les réactions physiologiques et psychiques des pois- 
sons. Bull. de 1’Institute général psychologique, vol. 14, pp. 97- 
228. 
Jourdain, S. 1900 De 1’imtelligence des batrachiens. C. R. Ass. france. Av. 
Sci., 29 me. Sess. 1900. 
Knauer, F. K. 1875 Beobachtungen an Reptillien und Amphibien in der 
Gefangenschaft. Wien, 1875. 
Triplett, N. 1901 Educability of the perch. Amer. Jour. Psychol., vol. 
12. p. 354. 
Thorndike, E. L. 1911 Animal Intelligence. Chap. IV. pp. 169-171. New 
York, 1911. , 
Yerkes, R. M. 1903 The instincts, habits and reactions of the frog. Mon- 
ogr. Suppl. Psychol. Rev., vol. 4. 
