302 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY 
glacier conforms to the valley type with a strong terminal 
moraine, subglacial stream, and broad U-shaped valley. 
Fox glacier, fifteen or twenty miles farther south, has many 
of the features of Franz Josef, and its terminus is fully twenty 
feet nearer sea level. However, the terminus of the eighteen- 
mile-long Tasman glacier on the other side of the Alps opposite 
Franz Josef is 2,354 feet above the sea, that of Mueller glacier 
is 2,550 feet and of Hooker glacier 2,882 feet. This difference 
of nearly 2000 feet in favor of the less sunny side of the moun- 
tains is to be explained by a lighter precipitation and by a much 
more gentle slope on the eastern side of the Alps. 
Gallery Gorge near Waiho is an illustration of one of the 
scores of valleys of the region carved by wild mountain streams 
capable of being harnessed for the development of considerable 
power. Some very successful hydroelectric plants are being 
developed on a small scale. Near the footbridge over Gallery 
Gorge is a fine, hot, sulphurous spring where a bath house has 
been erected. This is one of the very few hot springs of South 
Island. 
We cannot leave the glaciers of the Southern Alps without a 
few remarks about their extent during the Pleistocene or Ice 
Age. The present glaciers are but the feeble ‘remnants of a 
tremendous ice sheet that covered nearly all of South Island 
and reached quite to the sea on both coasts. The bold peaks of 
the high Alps stood out as low nunataks above this ice sheet 
thousands of feet in thickness. Franz Josef, for example, ex- 
tended several miles below its present terminus where it spread 
out and united with other valley glaciers into one common ice 
sheet of the piedmont type extending to the sea. In their wake 
they left an enormous amount of debris to be handled and sorted 
by fluvio-glacial streams giving rise to the extensive gold-bearing 
gravels so widely distributed on both coasts. Wherever the 
glaciers have disappeared from areas where they were vigorous 
eroding agents all the physiographic features made by strong 
glaciers in regions of high relief are developed on a scale rarely 
excelled in the world. 
ARTHUR’S PASS AND THE OTIRA GORGE 
Retracing our drive to Hokitika we left by rail for the Otira 
gorge. On the way we passed near Arahura river beyond which 
is one of the chief localities where the Maoris and later the 
