SOME GEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN MUSCATINE 

 COUNTY, IOWA. 



WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RECTIFICATION OF THE 



SUPPOSED KINDERHOOK NEAR THE MOUTH OF 



PINE CREEK. 



By S. CALVIN. 



More than thirty years ago^ Prof. James Hall, tlien State 

 Geologist of Iowa, made a geological reconnaissance along 

 the Mississippi River, from Lansing to Keokuk, for the pur- 

 pose of obtaining a general knowledge of the geological 

 structure of the eastern part of Iowa. The same ground had 

 previously been traversed, at least in part, by the geologists 

 D. D. Owen and B. F. Shumard, and the work of Hail, while 

 correcting some mistakes, tended in the main to confirm and 

 establish the conclusions of the earlier geologists. Consider- 

 ing the undeveloped condition of the country, the vastness of 

 the field attempted to be covered in a short time by the sur- 

 veys of Owen and Hall, and the scantiness of the materials 

 for observation as compared with those now available in our 

 quarries, railway cuttings and other artificial excavations, we 

 cannot but admire the skill and success with which the several 

 geological problems were worked out. Mistakes of course 

 were made, mistakes were under the circumstances unavoid- 

 able. While Hall, b}- reason of better facilities for study, was 

 able to rectify some of the errors of his predecessors, he was 

 himself occasionally led into error, and one of these errors has 

 been the cause of some confusion among geologists. The de- 

 sire to correct this error must stand responsible for the addition 

 of this paper to the already overburdened literature of geology. 



I In the years 1855 and 1856. 



