90 PICTORIAL PRACTICAL CARNATION GROWING. 
capsule will then have air, and will be prevented from dying off at 
the base, as not infrequently occurs during damp weather. To 
obviate the seed pods damping off some raisers split down the calyx 
on opposite sides, thus allowing air to reach the base of the capsule 
and prevent water lodging. Sometimes the calyx dies, when it may 
be cut away, thus leaving the seed pod wholly or partially exposed. 
When the seed is mature, which is usually the case towards the 
end of summer, cross fertilisation being effected early in the season, 
the seed pods assume a brownish tint and open at the apex. The 
seed must then be gathered and spread out on sheets of clean 
paper in any airy place. When thoroughly dry, it may be readily 
separated from the pods. The seeds are generally black, but some 
are creamy white, and these are as good as the black. In all cases 
the seed should be carefully labelled with the names of the parents. 
Such are the principles under which the cross fertilisation of 
the Carnation and Picotee is carried out on the open flower process. 
Emasculation is not generally resorted to, as self fertilisation is 
regarded as somewhat remote in the case of the more advanced 
Carnations and Picotees. The only other point to be attended to 
is to avoid practising indiscriminate crossing. Adhere to the respec- 
tive classes, of which illustrations are given (Figs. 1-13), from the 
species up to the most recent introductions. Both open flower and 
close emasculation are shown. The examples are all from outdoor 
erown plants, not specially selected, but taken as ordinary 
specimens. 
CROSS FERTILISATION. FIG. 7 (NEXT PAGE).—SERRATED 
AND SMOOTH EDGE PICOTEES. 
W, flower of yellow ground, many petalled, serrated edged Picotee : s, flower 
stalk; ¢, bloom, neither staminate nor pistillate organs visible. Pollen, 
magnified. 
X, faded flower W, the pod having burst when the flower was nearly 
expanded : w, basal bracts; v, calyx or pod, split; w, faded and dried 
up petals; x, stigmas (three) of styles. 
Y, section of the faded flower X after removing the faded petals: y, basal 
bracts; z, calyx; @, stamens (anthers pollenless); 4, ovary dried and 
shrunken at the lower part; ¢, portion of styles shrivelled; d, stigmas, 
fresh looking, non-fertilised. 
Z, flower of smooth edged Picotee; ¢, basal bracts; f, calyx or pod; g, 
petals, relatively broad, with smocth edges; /, stamens, anthers disposed 
amongst the innermost petals and some visible; 7, stigmas of styles. 
Pollen, magnified. 
A, faded flower of the smooth edged Picotee Z: j, basal bracts; #, calyx or 
pod, not split; 7, remains of petals. 
B, section of the faded smooth edged Picotee flower A after removing faded 
petals: m, basal bracts; », calyx or pod; o, stamens, anther cases 
empty; p, capsule with seeds developing; g, stigmas and styles 
shrivelled, self fertilisation having been effected. 
See also Chapter II. 
