30 PICTORIAL PRACTICAL CARNATION GROWING. 
is desirable in the interests of the florists’ type of flower. I can 
admire all of them, and it is well that there is no finality ; and while 
one amateur works on strictly florists’ lines, there is no need to look 
down on those who cannot quite see eye to eye with him, and who 
prefer an altogether different class of flower. Let our motto be 
Labor omnia vincit.” 
May not the author add to these interesting reflections of an old 
and true florist, for daborare est orare? The points of difference 
between the strict florist and the amateur whose ideas of form are 
less exact are natural, and not to be regretted. The one acts as a 
drag upon the other, and prevents him from going to extremes. 
CROSS FERTILISATION. FIG. 12 (NEXT PAGE).—ACCELERATING 
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. 
S, portion of a flowering stem with terminal or best flower bud commencing to 
unfold petals: g, stem: 7, side growths with flower buds to be cut off at 
the cross lines ; s, bracts well embracing the base of the calyx: ¢, calyx (at 
least 1 inch long, and sufficiently strong at the top to keep the bases of 
the petals in a strong and circular body) ; w, petals developing, outer or 
guard petals to be removed, either with the fingers or ivory tweezers, 
one by one, with a clean pull upwards, holding the stem firmly, and so 
on inwards till the bloom is reduced to the state of a semi-double flower. 
T, flowering stem disbudded and the Hower reduced to a semi-double state : 
v, stem ; w, points where side growths have been cut off; x, petals sur- 
rounding the central ones and not to be removed with safety, as the 
adjoining inner ones may be also pulled out, and with these stamens 
issuing from their claws; y, innermost petals, in no case to be removed 
when the object is to secure well developed staminate as well as pistillate 
organs. 
U, flower after treatment advised under S and T: 2, petals left to guard the 
innermost ones; a, central petals, with stamens springing from their 
claws; 6, anther of stamen ; c, stigmas of styles. In this case both 
staminate and pistillate organs are well developed, and self fertilisation 
is possible, though usually cross pollination is essential to effect fer- 
tility. Jf such flower is required to be cross pollinated, all the petals 
may be removed, and all the stamens before the pollen in the anthers 
matures, thus leaving the pistillate organs with the styles and ovary pro- 
tected by the calyx (see Z, p. 33), protecting the flower thus emasculated 
by a parchment paper or gauze bag from pollen other than that applied. 
But, not uncommonly, the pistillate organs develop at the expense of the 
staminate ones; hence it may be desirable, in case of pollen being 
wanted of a particular variety, to concentrate all the energies on the 
staminate organs (see V). 
V, flower bud pistillately emasculated to develop staminate organs: d, point 
where the calyx has been cut and the petals removed; ¢, stamens after 
removing the ovary with steel tweezers and a downward pressure 
without damage to its support; f, pistillate parts removed. 
W, pistillately emasculated flower with well developed stamens: g, point 
where the calyx tube has been cut; H, filament; 7, anther. 
