44 PICTORIAL PRACTICAL CARNATION GROWING. 
the short shoots out of their sockets with a jerk, or removed them 
with a part of the joint, and struck them. 
Propagation by cuttings is still practised extensively. It is 
almost universal with Tree Carnations, and it is followed with 
both Malmaison and Border sorts. Cuttings may vary in length 
PROPAGATION BY PIPINGS OR CUTTINGS. FIG. 19 (NEXT PAGE).— 
PREPARING AND INSERTING IN POTS. 
A, plant with young growths, none of which is sufficiently long, or which is 
so placed as not to admit of layering: a, point where the flower stem 
has been cut off; 4, fairly good “ grass,” long enough, but in danger 
of snapping off in bringing down for layering; c, point of detaching 
for a cutting. In taking a piping proper, the part below this point 
is held firmly in one hand and the portion above grasped by the 
fingers and thumb of the other hand, and with a sharp jerk upwards this 
portion is plucked out from its socket ; d,a moderately long shoot, which 
it is desirable to cut off at the cross line, thus leaving the basal joints on 
the plant to push new growths; e¢, short shoots 2 to 4 inches in 
length, to be detached close to the stem, known as “‘heel”’ cuttings. 
B, a piping proper: f, point of detaching from the stem and with about half 
of the joint, the separation being made at the side; g, depth of inserting 
in soil. This mode is now obsolete as regards the Carnation. 
C, a vigorous shoot, Ad, made into a cutting: A, joint from which the 
leaves have been carefully cut off; i, point of cutting transversely 
immediately below the joint; j, slit made upwards just through the 
joint—an old practice, and by some still followed. 
D, a moderately strong shoot as slipped off. with a base too firm for 
quickly pushing roots: /, point of removing the lower leaves. 
E, a moderately strong shoot, D, made into a cutting: /, cut made just 
below a joint; m, depth of inserting. 
F, a short shoot, Ae, prepared for insertion: , base, pared smooth and 
the leaves removed from the lower joints; 0, depth of inserting in soil, 
in no case so deeply as to bury the ‘‘ hearts” of the cuttings. 
G, a cutting of a vigorous shoot, with leaves shortened, as practised by 
some growers: p, base of the cutting. ; 
H, cutting inserted in a 2-inch pot: g, drainage; 7, soil; s, surfacing of 
sand; ¢, hole made with a dibber, the cutting resting on and surrounded 
with sand; wu, space for holding water. 
I, cuttings inserted in a 5-inch pot: v, drainage; w, rougher parts of the 
compost ; x, soil; y, surfacing of sharp, clean sand ; z, cuttingsinserted in 
holes made by a dibber ; a, cutting properly inserted; 4, space for 
holding water. 
J, cuttings inserted in a pot, the pot stood in a well drained pan with a layer 
of mould and sharp sand placed in level with the rim, and a bellglass 
placed over the cutting pot: c, pan to be placed on the stage of the 
greenhouse; d, pot of cuttings ; ¢, bellglass, 
K, cutting pots placed ina cold frame: /, ashes in which the pots are 
plunged. 
