10 PICTORIAL PRACTICAL CARNATION GROWING. 
eiugua and was for several years our finest yellow, also helped 
im. 
But the greatest fillip to Carnation growing came when the 
seedlings of Mr. Martin R. Smith began to appear. This gentleman, 
a wealthy London financier, was struck by the beauty of some 
Carnations which he saw on a holiday tour, and straightway 
proceeded to try his hand at cross fertilisation. His success was 
beyond all expectation. The old standard varieties fell before his 
victorious novelties like grain before the cutter. A few years, and 
they were forgotten. : 
Mr. Martin Smith handed his novelties over to Mr. James 
Douglas, by whom they were offered for sale. Their beauty won 
thousands of new lovers for the Carnation. The flower made a great 
leap in popular favour. Mr. Robert Sydenham then developed the 
Midland Carnation Society, which speedily acquired great influence, 
and further aided the onward march of the flower. Thus with the 
beginning of the twentieth century the Carnation was firmly 
established as one of the leading flowers—a position it is not very 
likely to lose. 
CROSS FERTILISATION. FIG. 2 (NEXT PAGE).—THE 
OLD CRIMSON CLOVE. 
D, a flowering branch: u, stem; v, leaves; w, pedicel; z, basal bracts; y, 
calyx; 2, petals (deep crimson, shaded maroon); a, anthers of the 
stamens (appearing low amongst the central petals, and commonly falling 
off before the pollen is mature) ; 5, stigmas of the pistil, appearing when 
the flower is fully developed or fading, though not always; 1, flower 
bud at the stage for close emasculation, and of which a section is shown 
at E; ¢, point of cutting through the basal bracts and calyx in order to 
remove the petals and stamens; 2, flower bud at the stage for close 
emasculation, shown emasculated at G ; d, point of making an incision 
with a sharp, thin bladed knife through and round the basal bracts and 
calyx. 
E, section of flower bud D1: e, pedicel; f, basal bracts; g, calyx; h, petals; 
i, stamens; j, ovary; /, style (single in this instance and with one 
stigma). 
F, flower Daa D1 after close emasculation : 7, point where the basal bracts 
and calyx tube have been cut; m, stumps of the stamens; 2, ovary ; 0, 
style; p, stigma, to which pollen is to be applied when sufficiently 
developed. 
G, flower bud D2 after close emasculation : g, point where an incision has 
been made and a portion of the calyx, with the petals and stamens, 
removed ; 7, ovary ; s, styles (two) ; ¢, stigmas (two). The emasculated 
flower bud in all cases should be enclosed in a paper or gauze bag, alike 
to protect the pistillate organs from adverse weather influences and 
from pollination by natural agents. In selecting a flower bud for seed 
bearing, the leading one of the flower stem should be chosen, cutting 
away the side ones at an early stage. 
Pollen, magnified. 
See also Chapter I. 
