62 PICTORIAL PRACTICAL CARNATION GROWING, 
prepared on the lines already advised, planting may be carried out 
expeditiously. Use a trowel or hand fork, avoid disturbing the 
roots, plant well up to the lower leaves, and press firmly. Be care- 
ful not to have a hollow beneath the roots, or water may collect 
in it ; let the ball be in contact with the soil beneath and around it. 
In the case of plants which have been cultivated in frames, 
OUTDOOR CULTURE. FIG. 27 (NEXT PAGE).—PREPARING THE 
GROUND. 
A, section of ground: a, top spit; 6, second or bottom spit, closer and 
stiffer than the top spit; ¢, substratum. 
B, portion of ground marked off for bastard trenching : d, when the bed is to 
be 4 feet wide with 18-inch alleys; e, when the bel is to be 4 feet wide 
with 3-feet alleys; f, trench 24 feet wide, one full spit and shovellings 
deep, and the soil wheeled to the side of the spot where it is intended to 
finish, 7g ; h, surface soil skimmed off the second trench and placed in 
the trench from which the top spit is taken; i, bottom spit, on which 
well decayed manure is placed before breaking it up; /, top spit from 
the second trench to be thrown on the first, and so on to the end of the 
plot, when the soil first thrown out will come in to fill up the last 
trench. 
C, section of bastard trenched ground for a bed 4 feet wide with 18-inch 
alleys: #, undisturbed stratum ; /, bottom spit, broken up and manured ; 
m, top spit; ”, excess rain passing off the surface. 
D, bed prepared 4 feet wide with 18-inch alleys: 0, alleys taken out about 
3 inches deep sloping from the bed, and the soil placed on the bed; 
p, bed raked down moderately fine and level, and marked for plants in 
squares 6 inches from the sides of the bed, and 1 foot apart. 
KE, bed prepared with stations 16 inches apart, the outside rows 8 inches 
from the edge of the bed: gq, alleys (3 feet wide); », bed (4 feet wide), 
the plants in opposite vacancy order. 
F, raised bed on heavy or clay soils, bastard trenched, and burned clay, 
mortar rubbish, or road scrapings added: s, alleys; ¢, the bed raised 
8 inches above the surrounding ground, with alleys on the latter’s level, 
or higher. 
G. section of preparing bed on wet ground: w, stiff clay subsoil with only a 
few inches of ameliorated surface soil; v, land drain ; w, excavations 
made in V form on both sides of the proposed bed, the top soil placed 
alongside; x, bad stratum cleared away and a tile drain laid along the 
trench y, with outlet to land drain; z, bottom of bed convex (falling 
from centre each way to the drain) ; a, subsoil broken up, manured, and 
opening materials added ; 4, top spit soil, with additions of opening 
substances; c, good soil taken from the alleys and placed on the bed. 
H, section of bed after preparation: d, land drain; ¢, trench drains ; 
f, rubble; g, surface of gravel, thus forming dry alleys above the sur- 
rounding ground level; /, subsoil broken up; i, good soil. 
I, bit of border partly in section and partly in surface. Section: j, sub- 
stratum ; /, subsoil broken up, but not brought to the top; /, surface 
soil or top spit worked, enriched, and kept on the top. Surface: 
m, grass or gravel ; , border 8 inches above the level; 0, plants in single 
line; y, plants in equilateral triangles; g, plants in quincunx groups. 
