84 PICTORIAL PRACTICAL CARNATION GROWING. 
must depend upon the means and time of the grower. An ingenious 
man will have his own ways of effecting his object, but a few sug- 
gestions will not be out of place. A light framework of hexagon 
netting, fixed over and around the plants, will exclude bees, but it 
will not turn heavy rain. Waterproof canvas will dothis. It is best 
tacked on to light sashes, so that the covering can be easily removed 
at will. A framework of uprights and rafters (p. 87) will first be 
necessary. The posts should stand about 6 feet out of the ground, 
and have the lower part creosoted. The frames can be clipped down 
to the rafters with bolts and screws. Similar side frames can be 
clipped on to the uprights, so completing the enclosure. They need 
not fit tight up to the eaves, for the sake of admitting air, and if fitted 
near the base on each side with hinged boards opening outwards, 
there will ke ample ventilation. The openings may be protected with 
hexagon netting, and the door may be of the same material, tacked on 
to sashes. Further, as already hinted, netting frames may be made 
to substitute for the canvas frames in favourable weather. Of course, 
glass sashes may be used instead of canvas if desired, but then the 
place approximates to a greenhouse; or there may be a glass roof 
and canvas sides and ends. The very simplest form of awning is one 
falling close down to the side of the stage, as shown by the dotted 
line ; but, wherever possible, more room should be given. 
Exhibition blooms growing in the open will also need protection, 
as burning sun or heavy rain might seriously mar them. West’s 
CULTURE IN POTS FOR EXHIBITION. FIG. 38 (NEXT PAGE).—TYING 
THE CALYX TO PREVENT POD BURSTING. 
H, a calyx of average shape: a, stem; 3, basal bracts ; c, calyx tube, called 
the pod ; d, calyx segments, called teeth. 
I, a flower bud of average shape: e, main stem; jf, point where a bud is 
removed; g, sub-leaves that support the peduncle of the flower bud; 
h, bracts that guard the calyx; 2, calyx tube; 7, segments; 4, petals 
(note the teeth in the centre of the petals) ; /, point where pod splitting 
occurs, if at all; m, point where the ligature is to be placed if necessary 
to prevent pod bursting. 
_-J, bud of a large flowered and highly cultivated variety : », stem; 0, guard 
leaves ; p, bracts; g, calyx or pod; 7, calyx segments ; s, petals; ¢, point 
where the ligature is to be placed to prevent pod bursting. 
K, flower bud, J, to which an indiarubber ring has been affixed: w, ring very 
slightly less in diameter than the calyx tube or pod, the measurement 
being taken by calipers, as only pressure enough for holding on is 
required—indenting the pod is bad. 
L, bud of average shape, I, bursting the pod: v, calyx segment pressed 
outward by the growth of the petals within causing a slit, w; x, indent 
of calyx lobe that must be eased by a slit down the pod, as per dotted 
line, and so on with the other lobes, affixing a ring at the point y, and 
turning down the teeth of the pod z, 
M, flower bud of average shape, L, which is inclined to burst the pod, properly 
adjusted : a, ligature placed round the pod; 0d, calyx lobes turned down; 
c, petals given an opportunity of developing equally all round. 
