126 PICTORIAL PRACTICAL CARNATION GROWING. 
In case the pest makes its appearance the affected leaves should be 
cut away before the pustules burst, together with affected stems, 
which should be promptly burnt. Badly infested plants should be 
destroyed, for if they cannot be saved the disease can be prevented 
from spreading by clean culture, plenty of light, air, and room, and 
the destruction of all tainted material. 
In case of plants slightly affected the fungus may be prevented 
from spreading by sponging with Condy’s Red Fluid diluted toa 
deep rose colour with water. Healthy plants may be sprayed with 
it as a preventive. Permanganate of potassium is ofthe same nature 
as Condy’s Fluid, and the crystals may be dissolved in soft water so 
as to give a deep rose coloured solution, say about 1 oz. of crystals 
to 1 gallon of water for sponging, and 1 oz. to3 gallons for spraying. 
About two spongings with the permanganate solution suffice to kill 
the fungus. : 
Carnations badly infested with rust have also been freed from the 
pest by persistently sponging the plants with a weak solution of 
Gishurst Compound. Blue Water or Eau Celeste is also effectual in 
repressing the pest. 
III.—Black Mould or Spot. 
This parasitic fungus is one of the worst enemies of the Carnation, 
and was first described and figured in 1870. The leaves of affected 
plants become studded at first with large, round, whitish spots, upon 
which sooty brown, mouldy patches quickly spread, giving a velvety 
appearance. The fungus grows on both sides of the leaf in concentric 
fashion ; a minute spot first appears, next a ring round that spot, 
then a larger ring, one outside the other, till in bad cases the disease 
spots become confluent, and the foliage is soon destroyed. Owing 
to the tufts of fruiting threads being arranged in irregular circles, 
the mould has acquired the cognomen of fairy ring of Carnations. 
In the fruiting state the fungus is superficial, but the mycelium 
from which the fruiting threads or conidiophores arise is partially 
within the membranes of the leaf, and lives upon the juices of the 
FUNGOID ENEMIES. FIG. 61 (NEXT PAGE).—BLACK MOULD, SPOT, 
OR FAIRY RING. 
J, a plant in a 5-inch pot affected with Carnation black mould, commonly 
called spot, and also fairy ring of Carnations: z, disease spots in the 
early stages, round or oval, and whitish, 
K, a plant in the open ground infected : a, disease spots. 
L, an affected leaf stunted and disfigured: 0, disease spots showing the 
tufted clusters of the fruits of the fungus, arranged in irregular circles, 
resembling “fairy rings”’ in miniature as formed by Marasmus oreades 
in pastures. 
M, Black Mould, Heterosporium echinulatum, representing a small tuft of 
fungus fruit : ¢, a portion of a compact mass of mycelium from which 
the cluster of conidiophores springs, and which eventually forms a 
sclerotium ; @, conidiophores or fruiting threads ; ¢, conidia or spores, 
