CYNll'S KOLLAlil. 105 



gall, whereas the true ink-gall yielded 40 per cent, 

 more. 



At the time of its appearance in this country the 

 manufacture of cloth was a prominent industry in 

 Exeter, Tiverton, and several neighbouring towns ; 

 and large quantities of Gijnips tinctoria were imported 

 for dyeing purposes. Whether G. Kollari was intro- 

 duced for experimental purposes with the hope of 

 superseding the Aleppo species, there is no confirma- 

 tory evidence. It will perhaps neA^er be ascertained 

 how this species of Gijnips originated in this country. 

 G. Kollari was known prior to that period for very 

 many years throughout the whole of middle European 

 countries. 



As the gall spread over the country, and became 

 knoArn among entomologists, it was occasionally 

 mistaken for three Continental forms of similar 

 api^earance and habit. One is G. lignicula, which is 

 rather larger than a pea, occurs singly, also in twos 

 and threes; it has a large oval larval cell, and is 

 generally of a spherical form, but it is distinguished 

 l)y having an outer covering similar in appearance to 

 leaf scales. Another form is (/. conglonierafa, which 

 sometimes occurs singly but mostly in dense semi- 

 racemous clusters of fifteen to twenty-five individuals, 

 also rather larger than a pea. Externally it resembles 

 a normal gall of G. Kollari in having a small style, and 

 in being hard and brown when mature; also internally, 

 in being composed of a spongy parenchyma. G. Kollari 

 has also been confused with G. tinctoria, the ink-gall 

 from the Levant, on account of its external features. 

 Although the normal form of G. Kollari is smooth and 

 spherical, an examination of Plate XXXV will reveal 

 a remarkable similarity as regards size, shape, papillre, 

 and ridges. The larval cell in both is central and 

 ellipsoidal in form. The imagines also, of each species, 

 are much alike. 



The oak-marble is found in great profusion in 

 hedges, along lanes, and scrul) oaks in coppices. Low 



