APPENDIX TO SECRETARY’S REPORT. 
APPENDIX I. 
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY FOR THE 
YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891. 
Sir: Ethnologie researches among the North American Indians were centinued, 
under the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in compliance with acts of 
Congress, during the year 1890-’91. 
A report upon the work of the year is most conveniently presented under two 
general heads, viz, field work and office work. 
FIELD WORK. 
The field work of the year is divided into (1) archeology, and (2) general field 
studies, the latter being directed chiefly to religion, technology, and linguistics. 
Archeologic field work.—At the close of the last fiscal year general exploration of 
the mound region was discontinued and the archeologic field work was placed in the 
charge of Mr. W. H. Holmes. During the summer of 1890 he began the work of arch- 
wological exploration in the Atlantic coast States. The ancient quarries of quartzite 
bowlelers and of steatite within the Districtof Columbia were explored and extensive 
excavations were made. This work was continued throughout July, and in August 
a quarry site near the new U.8. Naval Observatory on a ridge overlooking Rock Creek 
Valley wasexamined. The phenomena observed upon this site were practically iden- 
tical with those of Piny Branch described in the last annualreport. A large area of 
the Potomac bowlder beds, 2 or 3 acres in extent, had been worked over to the depth 
of several feet by the aboriginal quarrymen and all available bowlders had been 
utilized in the manufacture of leaf-shaped blades. These were probably the blanks 
subsequently specialized as spear and arrow points, perforators, and similar instru- 
ments. 
In August Mr. Holmes made a trip to the Mississippi Valley for the purpose of re- 
examining some mound groups not explored with sufficient care by the assistants 
before intrusted with that work. A week was spent in Grant County, Wis., map- 
ping the remarkable groups of effigy mounds for which that region is noted. Sub- 
sequently he visited Pulaski County, Ark., and made a survey of the Knapp mounds 
at Toltec Station, whence he proceeded to the vicinity of Hot Springs, Ark., to ex- 
amine the ancient novaculite quarries near that place. Apparently the early inhabi- 
tants had quarried this rock on an extensive scale and had used it in the manufac- 
ture of spear and arrow points and other articles. The pittings were on a large 
scale, even surpassing those of the District of Columbia quarries, and had generally 
been attributed by white settlers to Spanish gold hunters of an early period. 
In September and October Mr. Holmes resumed his explorations in the District of 
Columbia and extended the work into the valley of the Potomac between Point of 
Rocks and Cumberland, Md., and into the Ohio Valley as far as Allegheny City. A 
trip was next made to the eastern shore of the Chesapeake, aud a very interesting 
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