GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE IN NORTH AMERICA. 369 
Accom- | Accom- 
ation Water Study based | panied earirare b Spyies. Study based | panied 
on— | by || | on— by 
maps. | maps. 
ey, 
Latreille......-.- | 1817 | Insects ..... No....|| Verrill........-: | 1863 | Birds ......- | No. 
De Candolle | | Baird see 1866 |S eee | Do: 
(NO Pa esacoseec 1820 | Plants ...-...|.-. do =o) Murrayi-2--2-6 1866 Mammals. ..| Yes. 
POHOUW becca ce acs Leo eRIEe dots eee Yes... ! Grisebach .....- | 1866 isnt sae Do. 
WAT GLUS =< 2-1-7 1p {ih Bea (ye nee oe dopes|| eursloys acs: = 1868 | Animals.--.| Do. 
Minding -...-.-.--. | 1829 | Mammals...| No..-.|| Brown--.--...--. 1870 | Forests ...-..| Do. 
Pickering -.-.--- 1830 | Plants ...-... West--||) Allen. -------- 1871 | Animals -...| No. 
Weshoriee 2-52. - 2 LES bITdseseees || NOeaes| ely bbs seee a <~ TRIS |e aacQO sence | Do. 
De Candolle | | | Chay sos ckeoces5| 1873 | Repts. and | Yes. 
(lpn. ieer=cs 1835)|:Plants----22|-- do ...|| | batrehs. 
Meyen: <->... --- US ul Bec Om eaeioccl Se C= OCU teen 1874 | Plants...... | Do. 
Pompper .--.---.- 1841 | Animals..-..|..do .-..|| Scudder -..._.-- 1874 | Insects ..... | Do. 
Berghaus......-. 1838 | Plants .....- Yes...|| Wallace ..-..... 1876 | Animals....| Do. 
Martensand Gal- | | Dvenee ene so. 1878 | Plants -....- | No. 
Goulle-sssen-" 5 - Heeb eocGl) poaceien tNo...-| Bngler----..--.- | IEP) Sees KO seaeaar | Yes. 
Is tant oe Soe pees TBS oe Oar e lis doe |) Packartias = sa... 1883 | Animals..-.) Do. 
Frankenheim. - - . 1843"|22=-d0"=2—-—-|-5 oes} dlordaness= =< ==- 1883 | Mollusks...) Do. 
Warner. -5:-..-- 1844 | Mammals...| Yes...|| Sargent.......-. 1884 | Forests ---..| Do. 
Richard and Gal- | Drudeesss soe 1884 Blantsi-2e.2- Do 
Giinleeee oes | 1844 | Plants ...-.. No....|| Hartlaub ....... 1886 | Birds ....... Do. 
Binney (A.) ----- | 1851 | Mollusks ...|..do ...| Reichenow...... als) Ceteeats (Oe ene Do. 
Richardson .-...- L851) eelants/ 2.22.2 do ...|| Heilprin........ 1887 | Animals....| Do. 
Schmarda........ 1853 | Animals....| Yes...|| Hemsley......-. 1887 | Plants .....- Do. 
Agassiz ..--.---. ibs 8 et Ce een [ee dow.s-|} brendeliass5---- TSR 0 one Ones No. 
(Og \ ape Ses 1856 | Plants -..... a (are ANIC Namen acer 1887 |) Birds) scese-5 | Do: 
Woodward ...... 1856 | Mollusks ...) Yes.... Schwarz ........ 1888 | Insects -..-. Do. 
Sclater ....--.-.- 18583); Birds = 5-2.) Nor. 3) Bessey--s.-02 5 - 1888 | Plants ....-- Do. 
Le Conte ....-... 1859 | Insects -.--. Wes...|| Ridgway ---.-.. 1889 | Birds ....... Do. 
Coopers=--=---.<<: 1859 | Forests ..-..|--do -..|| Merriam........ 1890 | Animalsand Yes. 
Hooker <-:>-:.=.: 1861 | Plants + .c-=|- doe | plants. 
Binney (W. G.).. 1863 | Mollusks sou fees Keeler? --jso<ss SOS | Bindsyees- ser Do. 
The principal bio-geographie divisions that have been recognized by 
a large number of writers, and as a rule have been proposed independ- 
ently and under different names, resulting from the study of different 
groups, are described in the following synopses, each of which may be 
regarded as a chronologic synonymy of the region to which it refers. 
ARCTIC DIVISION (ABOVE LIMIT OF TREES). 
An Arctice cirecum-polar division north of the limit of tree growth was 
recognized as a distinet region by European writers long before the 
earliest attempts were made to map the faunal and floral areas ot North 
America.* Hence the following table is necessarily incomplete, since 
*This region, however, is not universally recognized. Wallace and a few others 
refuse to accept it. Agassiz, Allen, and most botanical writers, on the other hand, 
regard it as one of the best defined of the primary divisions. An important recent 
treatise on the subject, from the standpoint of the distribution of mammals, is the 
following: ‘ Die arktische Subregion—Ein Beitrag zur geographischen Verbreitung der 
Thiere,” by Dr. August Brauer (Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abth. fur. Syst., Tu, Jan, 
1888, 189-308, taf. viii). 
H. Mis. 334, pt. 1 
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