870 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE IN NORTH AMERICA. 
it shows only the extent to which this zone has been recognized by 
those who have actually defined faunal and floral areas in North 
America: = 
Date. | Author. | Name given to region. Studyabesed Rank. 
1820 | De Candolle --..-.- | iyperboreall me Sona. jeer ase eee eee eee Plants seer 1 
SBM Schowweesese esl | Realm of Mosses and Saxifrages ....-.------------ hn Ote ee eee 1 
1830 | Pickering -.--.--- | AT CULCREG OO Wes eee See eee eee ee eee eee = So 8 OFee-cren eee 1 
SSI eshOMee mee nee |e ee Oss oc a5 5 Sisters sla iole rere fe eae tote ote oe ibirdse esse 1 
1835 | De Candolle ------ leer (toc eeebenons sence snoncesorcdsecacesosesnagce Plants seeeeeee 1 
1836 | Meyen.-..--...--- |S? OF S055 7s Oe ee 2 Ohsic eae 1 
1838 | Berghaus.......-.- | Realm of Mosses and NaRiGrages ice ate steers eee Joon Ov sausatmee 1 
WEB) | Is bbls o-ssAcagonc Greenland! repion) Seopa seraee ees eee eee ee 212 edOmet teense 1 
1844 | Wagner ...-. Eee Sal POlarsprowial Ce tetscictstere = eet alee are eerie ee Mammals. ...- 2 
1853 | Schmarda .-...-... Barren STOUNA Ss esiscqia seine oe =e eee eter | Animals .....-. 2 
1854 | Agassiz ........-. | Arctic medlmice-seeceaeaecee none ESAS Es Cras SR ee bac Or aes ee 1 
1856 } Woodward..-.-..-- Region of Saxifrages and Mosses.-........---.-.-- Mollusks -...- 1 
1858) || (Cooper=-.--'---.- -- INOWNG TPKOW NO) ee ecoeecseorseecasteccenzeconss Plantes ee il 
1866 | Grisebach .--..--.| IAT: ChiG=-AUIpIN eC P10 We areas ete eae eee |. 2 doy eee a 
TS7OulMBroawilesccosece eee Treeless or ESkimo province --.c2---2- =e. 2-2. =| OLeStS eee eee 1 
NS7ils MAU ene e-ceece cee. PoAire ite seine See pong sors 55 goScmos Soc eksciasodse Animals ...--- 1 
EWE Choy tei cemoneese sealesceas CO. ees eee See eee Hsia cee gems 2.20 See sereee 1 
1STSH\ Dyers sce ee Ax ctie=Allpine HOT ane cee eee ele sete Plantseeeeeeee 2 
1882) Emelers-.------2-- GANT: CG HEC LO re ete te eee at ree joes 2 
1883! || Packard'......2--- } Arctic realms. sseceee esac eee Ee enen eeenisoeae © Animals -.- 222 1 
I SSou ond anaes seer eee Arctic prOvanCe ee. asaeeeeees SqnE CROC SEACH ea T Mollusks..... 2 
18845 | SDrnd esse eeeenee INCH MG OMG ic oo coe e coc ese adoceseseccosstsoccéer Plants =sssee 2 
1S8ie|Brendelea:-ssses.- | AreticAllpime divas One se seme: meme ee erie ee | Se Oe eee 1 
1887 | Reichenow..---.-. INO MOAT ING <= 5655 basesdec soe Ssedasonssssssessc0- Bird Sesser 1 
TSS7a|eNelsonessesasee ae Arcticidistrict (Alaskan) =e-ceeere oer ese eee since OMe es reee 1 
NSSSs EBranene ssee se ae INC Se OWEN oan ease deccc sco on een Kee Mammals..... Z 
1890) Mermam== ss. -.--- IGA H OIE 6 Sooo senso sc ede oeseseoccoescSearcns Animals and 2 
: ' plants. 
BOREAL DIVISION. 
This heading is intended to cover the zone of coniferous forests 
extending across the continent south of the Arctic realm. While its 
northern boundary is fixed at the limit of trees, its southern border 
has been variously placed by different writers. Schouw did not recog- 
nize it at all, but carried his great forest region down to latitude 36°, 
where the true southern district begins. Berghaus, who in other 
respects followed Schouw, divided this great region into two parts, the 
northernmost of which he named the “Realm of conifers,” placing its 
southern limit in the east at about latitude 47°. Hinds, Agassiz, 
Woodward, Verrill, and Drude speak of it as the ‘‘Canadian” region. 
Its southern limit is here extended to include the “Canadian fauna” 
of recent zodlogical writers. 
The extent to which this zone has been recognized will appear from 
the following table: - 
