GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE IN NORTH AMERICA. 371 
| A . le ATT 
Date. Author. Name given to region. puidy based Rank. 
ENN SE)| Se as e s } 
1830 Pickering :—.... WADAG TAL OTA cece cae cise See ea Oe Sa Ra ee | Plants) <.2-- 25% 2 
1838 | Berghaus......-.-. oul COMUGUS Ses tana siti Sees eee at eee | epee LOsetreyeteeyaree 1 
183") etinds) -2..22.3-.- RANA AMET STONE So. o,4= eos nt coats cae ee eee ooo Mocnopceee 1 
1853 | Schmarda. ........| Region of coniferous forests ................-.---- | Animalseseess 2 
NGoan WA rassiz soo. --- << Wamnadiamifanniar see on erg vo eas~ os Saga cdea ce en eee LO) serene Se 2 
1856 | Woodward........ [BC ANROIAT PLOVINCO eer ccs 5 ison elee ce eas ecw aoe Mollusks ...-. | 1 
180Gh "Gray. -.2-.-22--2--- | Middle and northern wooded district ..........--- Wwelantsiecseces (1) 
1859 | Le Conte..-.-.-.--. | Northern NOMEN Caste er ite amet ainrepeetey = te 28 ace | Insects ....._- 2 
1859 | Cooper.-.....-..-.. JARO US ORLANDO VIN CG eran sentient. aaa os cl. nic 2s | Forests .....-.| 1 
LEGENDS Gh atl aie ee Canadian fan ae sac a0 7 sogacrinen o6-aeee a250 es eBirdsysose--e 1 
1863") bimney --~-------- beNorthem rerione Gsccc eet. Meese cen seen. | Mollusks ..-.. | 2 
1870 | Brown..........-. | Lacustrian province: ....\.. sees --2- cele e ect Se | Forests -...-... | 1 
LGV AI or GN ERS aie oe Hudsonian and Canadian faunas....--........--- | Animals .....- 3 
1882 |} Engler........-.. [pes SLO OL COMUGN Seer eee ie aie ee ae ele aiee oneteete | Plants)... .- 22: 2 
EBEoM MEAG Kan <= - ae 2 jeborealiprovineey.< <0. -ececc das ose -i-.s watesnrosaeetiee | Animals ...... 1 
1884 | Sargent..........-. | Northern LOVES was conse alse sire ae Siege cal es aden ee Forests -.-...- 2 
1884 | Drude ..-.-.....--.. Canadian district ....-. Soo eAinae CochGs Boeseeance | Plants........ 2 
1890 | Merriam....-.----. Oral OdO Me ctemmeeeeice cele ia ace «eee aa se ares eee | Animals and | 2 
plants. | 
ATLANTIC, CENTRAL, AND PACIFIC DIVISIONS OF TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA. 
It has been the custom of recent writers to divide the broad middle 
zone of North America (most of which lies within the United States) 
into three main divisions—Atlantic or Eastern, stretching from the 
Atlantie Ocean to the eastern border of the plains; Central, from the 
plains to the Sierra Nevada; and Pacific, from the Sierra to the Pacifie 
Ocean.* These regions were proposed as early as 1854 by the elder 
Agassiz, who however divided the Eastern or Atlantic district into two 
regions of equal rank—Alleghanian and Louisianian, or faunas of the 
Middle and the Southern States. In this respect he has been followed 
by Cope. Other authors, including Le Conte, Baird, and Allen, regard 
the southern district as only a subdivision of the Eastern region. 
Agassiz named the Central region the ‘‘ Table-land or Rocky Mountain 
fauna” and the Pacific the “ Californian fauna.” 
This arrangement of the United States into three provinces has been 
followed in the main by Le Conte (1859), W. G. Binney (1863), Baird 
(1866), Cope (1873), Grisebach (1875), Wallace (1876), Allen (1878), 
-ackard (1883), Jordan (1883), Hartlaub & Newton (1886), and Heil- 
prin (1887). 
The three divisions will be considered separately. 
Atlantic or eastern forest region.—Many writers have recognized an 
eastern forest region stretching from the plains to the Atlantic and in 
a general way from the boreal or coniferous forests of the north to the 
*These divisions must not be confounded with those of Amos Binney (published 
in 1851) bearing the same names, for Binney’s Atlantic region lay between the 
Atlantic and the Alleghanies, his Central region between the Alleghanies and the 
Rocky Mountains, and the Pacific region between the Rocky Mountains and the 
Pacific. Woodward's divisions (1856) are essentially those of Amos Binuey, 
