GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE IN NORTH AMERICA. 379 
The way in which the West Indies have been regarded by different 
writers is shown in the following table: 
Date. Author. How regarded. | Based on— | Rank. 
. se = a — = = = 
1820 | De Candolle ..-...- | Asan Independent region...-...................-- | Plants22-. =r | 
S22) eSchomwe-=s-.<--l--2 | As part of his realm of cactuses and peppers |.-..do ........- | 0 
| (Mexican). 
1830 | Pickering..-..-...- | As part of his American inter-tropical region ....).... dOnt aseeaee | 0 
Padi GeSNONe 25 <o2- ~~ As part of his equatorial zone .............--..--. Bind Sieeaeseeee 0 
TASswS CHOU Win. =2 == =~ - | Asan independent realm (Swartz’s realm) .....-.. Plants sa--eeee 1 
1835 | De Candolle --.--- (Ate anvind spend enime lO Niessen eera saa ae see ee a eee dO)2ee eee 5 t 
1837 | Martius -....-.-.. | As an independent realm (Antillean realm) ...-..- Hxs-@O) Seetelormecs | 1 
1838 | Berghaus....-.-.-- | As an independent realm (Swartz’s realm).....--- Ween Ope eee 1 
FeLi Pompper:=------=- - As part of his north warm zone ..........:..-.--- | Animals .....- 0 
UEP BOTs biG Cee ee As an independent realm (West Indian region) ...| Plants ....-..- 1 
1845 | Berghaus pees | As part of his tropical province ....-..--........- | Mammals. .... | 0 
1846 | Waener .....-..--- | As part of his tropical American province........ er, Cee be | 0 
1854 | Agassiz ......-... As a sub-division of his Central American region.) Animals ...--- 3 
1856 | Woodward ....-.-- | As an independent province (Antillean province)., Mollusks .-..-| 1 
TeoSeinpclaters-...--2-.- | As apart of his neo-tropical region ..............- IBITOS scoot | 0 
ibeG{))| U3¢ eG Bees aes eee As a primary region (West Indian region) ......-. 22600 asacee ae 1 
1866 | Grisebach ..-..-.--- | Sase= (10) A ARB AR Ae SOHO CEO HEAD OCS EEA ROE ie eae Plants; eee 1 
1868} Huxley-......--.- | Asa part of his Austro-Columbian region... BOGRES Animals ...... 0 
TS7Oy Browm..2-<....--: As an independent province (Antillean province) .| Forests ---.--- 1 
1875 | Sclater ....-- ----.| Asanindependentsub-region(Antillean sub-region)| Birds ......... 2 
ABT CADW MUL RCE =< crsc<.oc)|20c5 == ONO Ase AE AG ab ce aE on oo ae AERA CBRE | Animals..-... 2 
USER il a) (-) ae | As an independent province ............-......... Plants eee 3 
i883) | Packard. ...:-:..-- | As an independent region (Antillean region) ..... Animals. 1 
1883 | WOUMAN Seas oa | As part of his neo-tropical province .......-.. ee 3 Mollusks ..... 0 
LSS4S De 222-5 .<- <2-. As an independent region (Antillean district) -...| Plants ......-- 2 
1886 | Hartlanb .....--- As an independent region (Antillean region) ....- | BirdSissssseese 2 
1887 | 1st yt toa eee ee | As a sub-division of his neo-tropical region ..._.- Animals ...-.. 2 
1887 | Reichenow ...--..- As part of his South American region...........-| Birds......... 0 
1890 | Merriam.......-. -| As a division of his tropical province. .........--- | Animals and 2 
| plants. 
NORTIIWEST COAST DIVISION. 
In 1845, Hinds, in maping the plant regions of the world, proposed 
a ‘northwest American region” for the area west of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, north of the Columbia River, and south of latitude 68° north. 
Agassiz, in his paper on the zoélogical regions of the earth (1854), gave 
the name “ Northwest Coast Fauna” to essentially the same area 
(shown on his map as extending along the Pacific from northern Cali- 
fornia to the base of the Unalaskan Peninsula). 
In 1859, Le Conte, who based his studies on Coleoptera, spoke of this 
region as the ‘“‘ Hyperborean province” of the Pacific district; and the 
same year Cooper, writing of the forest regions, described it as the 
“Caurine province.” W. G.. Binney, in 1875, mentioned it as the 
“Oregonian division” of the Pacifie province; Engler, in 1882, as the 
“Kaloschen zone;” Drude, in 1884, as the ‘“ Columbian district ;” 
Nelson, in 1887, as the “Sitkan district;” Brendel, in 1887, as the 
“North Pacific province.” 
