SUMMARY OF PROGRESS IN ANTHROPOLOGY IN 1891. 453 
suffixing, composition, it causes to spring out of these root-sounds 
indefinite lines of words, which are of all degrees of relationship among 
themselves, which grammar proceeds to distribute into categories, 
called parts of speech. It can be shown how the grammatical forms, 
casual and personal terminations, shades of conjugation are produced 
by atrophy of syllables affixed or suffixed to the radical syllable. A 
certain part of the development of language is also due to a sort of 
blind force, to nature, as we say, and part to intelligence, either indi- 
vidual or collective. The constitution of grammar detaches linguisties 
from zodlogy properly so called and brings it within the area of history. 
But this historic area cannot in any manner be shut off from anthro- 
“pology, for it is only an appendix to natural history. 
Dr. Dorsey’s volume on the Cegiha language, though bearing date 
1890, did not appear until late in 1891. Furthermore, although it is 
entitled ‘“‘The Cegiha Language,” the work is devoted especially to 
myths, stories, and letters, and gives, with text, interlinear translation, 
and free rendering, nearly two hundred and fifty separate literary pro- 
ductions. This embraces the work of many years, and will furnish to 
the folk-lorist, as well as to the philologist, ample material for study and 
comparison. The Cegiha language, as used in the volume, refers to the 
speech of the Omaha and Ponka tribes of the Siouan linguistie family. 
The author’s researches began among the Cegiha in 1871, and have 
been carried on unremittingly ever since. During the last twelve years 
he has been connected with the Bureau of Ethnology in Washington, 
where his opportunities for study have been unlimited. Special atten- 
tion is also called to Pilling’s bibliography of the Algonkian, Gatschet’s 
Klamath, and Riggs’s Dakota dictionary. 
The Semitie department of Harvard University, in addition to the 
linguistic courses in Hebrew, Aramaic, Assyrian, Ethiopic, Arabic, 
and Phoenician, has established Semitic conferences, a Semitic library, 
a Series of prizes for the encouragement of Semitic studies, and a course 
of lectures on studies allied to the department. Most significant in 
this connection is the establishment of a Semitic museum, through the 
generosity of Mr. Jacob H. Schiff. Here already are assembled many 
originals, casts, manuscripts, coins, and photographs, illustrating the 
writing and the history of Babylon, Assyria, Phoenicia, Palestine, 
Arabia, and other Semitic lands. The generous donor has also pro- 
vided means of enlarging the collection. 
TECHNOLOGY. 
In his course of lectures on prehistoric industries M. Adrien de Mor- 
tillet makes this neat classification of tools: 
I. Cutting tools. 
Beats irecsare §The knife, scissors, or shears. 
Acting by pressure. .....-.---+.--+----+------- ?The drawing knife. 
nti . ; The ax or hatchet, the adze. 
Acting by a blow .....--...--.--.-------+-++--- The chisel or gouge. 
“SATE nice wn) 1 ae See err eae ne The saw. 
