532 THE MOUNDS OF THE MISSISSIPPI. VALLEY. 
tain, however, that slavery was very common among them, that being 
the usual fate of captives ‘taken from distant nations in the south and 
west, where the [linois go to carry off slaves, whom they make an 
article of trade, selling them at a high price to other nations for goods.” * 
These tribes lived in villages, some of which were very large, and they 
also had forts or strongholds for defense in case of necessity. t 
Passing over an interval of sixty or seventy years, and coming down 
to the middle of the eighteenth century, we find the Shawnees and 
Miamis again established in Ohio and Indiana, in company with the 
Wyandottes, Delawares, Pottawatamies, and other tribes. Just about 
this time, too, the white settlers began to push their way across the 
Alleghany Mountains into the valley of the Ohio, and this brought on 
that long and bloody struggle between the two races which only ended 
with the expulsion of the Indians from all that territory, and their 
establishment on reservations west of the Mississippi. Time and again 
they “dug up the hatchet,” in order to stay the tide of immigration, 
and though for a while they spread terror all along the frontier, yet, 
in the end, they were always obliged to yield to the superior force and 
military skill and discipline of the whites. After every such outbreak 
they found themselves weaker than before. In retaliation for the out- 
rages which they undoubtedly committed, their country was invaded,t 
their villages burned, their crops destroyed,§ and as the price of each 
succeeding peace they were obliged to yield more or less of the terri- 
tory that remained to them. This is a sad chapter in our national his- 
* Narrative of Father Marquette, p. 32. Memoir of the Sieur de Tonti, 1. ¢., pp. 
56-69-71. ‘‘The Saukie warriors generally employed every summer in making in- 
eursions into the territories of the Illinois and Pawnee nations, from whence they 
return with a great number of slaves. But those people frequently retaliate :” 
Carver, Travels, p. 47. See also ibid., pp. 344 and 345: London, 1781, and Relation 
de la Nouvelle France en V année, 1670, pp. 91 and 97: Quebec, 1858. 
t Relation en V année, 1670, pp. 98, 99. Carver, Travels, p. 36. Father Marest, in 
note on p. 31 of Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi. Narrative of Father 
Allouez in same, p. 74, with note. Charlevoix, Letters, p. 281: London, 1763. Per 
contra, Father Membré, p. 152, asserts that ‘“‘Tonti taught the Illinois how to de- 
fend themselves by palisades,” though he himself makes no such claim. The state- 
ment is improbable. 
t“‘Bowman’s Expedition to Mad River in 1779, Clark’s in 1780 and ’82, Logan’s in 
1786 to the head waters of the Big Miami, and Todd’s in 1788 into the Scioto Valley, 
were chiefly directed against the Shawanees:” Drake, Life of Tecumseh, p. 27. 
desides these, there were other and more formidable invasions, some of which, like 
that of St. Clair, a. p. 1791, resulted disastrously to the whites; whilst those of 
Wayne, 1794, and Harrison, 1811, were among the most successful, inasmuch as in 
them, not only were the cornfields and villages of the Indians destroyed, but their 
power was hopelessly shattered by defeat. 
§ “In 1780, 200 acres of corn were destroyed at Piqua: Life of Tecumseh, <i 29. 
In 1790, several villages and 20,000 bushels of corn destroyed at the Miami villages 
on the head waters of the Maumee:” Our Indian Wards, by George W. Manypenny: 
Cincinnati, 1880. In 1791, ‘400 to 500 acres of corn, chiefly in the milk,” destroyed 
on the Wabash: Butler, Kentucky, p. 198: Louisville, 1834, 
