648 THE EVOLUTION OF COMMERCE. 
for the goods of the east, their merchants making profits on each trans- 
action both as merchants and as earriers. Tyre and Sidon became 
wealthy, luxurious, and effeminate. Some of their citizens saw in 
Africa a richer soil and a better situation for a large city, and founded 
Carthage. The Carthagenians inherited the trade of Tyre and Sidon, 
and in addition opened highways to Egypt and into the interior of 
Africa, bartering their wares in Egypt for corn and grain, and in Africa 
for ivory, gems, and slaves. They planted colonies in Africa and 
Sicily, and for a time were successful rivals of Greece and Rome. 
The rule of the ocean transferred from Asia to Africa remained there 
but a short time, for the day of Europe came with the rise of Greece 
and Rome. 
The Greeks founded colonies in Asia Minor, Sicily, and Italy. The 
ruins of great cities with Grecian temples and amphitheaters are found 
at Girgenti and Syracuse in Sicily, at Pxestum and other places in 
Italy. Under Pyrrhus, their armies were defeated by the Romans 
and her colonies captured. Deprived of these, her power rapidly de- 
clined and she became a Roman province. 
Rome.—Rome founded few colonies, but she conquered the nations of 
Asia, Africa, and Europe, and brought under her sway cities, king- 
doms, and empires. She boasted of 500 cities in her Asiatic province 
that had been founded or enlarged and beautified by the Caesars. One 
hundred and twenty vessels each year brought the goods of India from 
the delta of the Ganges, and large fleets from Egypt came laden with 
corn and grain. She imported from every country, but exported little, 
paying for her imports by taxes levied on her colonists. 
tome was the first power to incorporate conquered states into her 
dominion and extend citizenship to all the people in her Empire, so that 
Paul could say in truth, ‘‘T ama Roman citizen and to Cesar I appeal.” 
So salutary and beneficial was her rule that under it these countries 
prospered more than under their own rulers. What Rome seized with 
strong hand she defended, and in return for taxation gave protection. 
She has no more enduring monument than her roads, the remains of 
which are now found in every country of Europe. Though built as 
military and post roads, they were used largely for commerce. All 
started from the golden mile-stone in the forum; one ran over the Bren- 
ner pass northeastward to the Baltic Sea, another followed the north- 
western coast of the Mediterranean to Spain and southern France, 
another crossed the Alps and extended through France to the British 
channel and through England to Scotland, where the Romans built a 
wall, ruins of which now bear witness to its strength. Another way 
went southward to Naples and Brindisi, and another led eastward to 
Macedonia and Greece. As these were the only roads in all these coun- 
tries, it was truly said, “‘ All ways lead to Rome;” and over them the 
messenger of Cesar travelled more rapidly than the mail-carrier of 
our fathers on our mail routes. 
