PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 13 
or should have sunk slowly into the ground. All these 
things are approaching, but which of them will come first it 
is impossible to say. 
OrGANIC EvoLurion. 
When, during the course of physical evolution, the ocean 
had become sufficiently cool for the existence of protopiasm, 
minute living organisms appeared on its surface. These in- 
creased in size, varied in many directions, and, in time, dis: 
covered the bottom of the sea, on which they established 
themselves, changing from swimming to crawling creatures. 
Gradually, these organisms managed to live in safety among 
the rough waters of the sea coast, and then they spread over 
the land. First the plants, and then the animals, which 
came to feed on the plants. 
Once established on land, and breathing air, improve 
ments in the circulatory system of the higher animals be- 
came possible. The purified blood was kept separated from 
the impure blood, and increased rapidity of physiological 
processes heated the body, so that, in the birds and mam- 
mals, a stream of pure, warm blood was poured upon the 
brain. Thus stimulated, the brain developed rapidly, and 
the psychological evolution, thus inaugurated, has reached 
such a height in man as to place him mentally apart from 
the rest of the animal kingdom. 
Biological evolution differs from physical evolution in be- - 
ing brought about by the transmission of bodily variations 
from one generation to another. And, in psychological 
evolution, mind is transmitted from parent to offspring, as 
well as the organ in which it is to be manifested. _Intelli- 
gence, however, depends not only on the structure of this 
organ, but on early associations and education, by which 
means the wisdom of one generation is handed down to the 
next. 
Psychological evolution consists of two parts. The first 
is intellectual, and is found in all the higher animals, as 
well asin man. _ The second is ethical, and is exclusively 
human, 
Intellectual evolution, like biological evolution, is due to 
competition between different individuals and the action of 
selection. We probably see the first germs of ethical evolu- 
tion in parental affection, which, among gregarious animals 
of sufficient intelligence, widened into social sympathy, and 
this, in man, gave rise to the social or civic virtues. 
This advance also appears to have been, or, at any rate, 
may have been, due to selection, and the result was the 
