PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 519 
(d) Hand-clapping.—Especiaily in the Peninsula, where 
there are no boomerangs, sounding-sticks, &c., both men 
and women will clap their hands with open or bent palms, 
and so produce variations of sound depending upon their 
degree of concavity. 
(d) Avery common practice throughout North Queensland 
is for the women to hit their inner thighs with the flats of 
the hand. Pl. XXVIII., taken from two Princess Charlotte 
Bay women, will assist in forming an idea of the posture 
assumed in such cases. Occasionally (Cardwell, &c.), the 
outer sides of the thighs may be smacked for similar pur- 
poses. Among the Kalkadun and Maitakudi tribes, the 
women, instead of striking their thighs, occasionally employ 
a sort of drum or small pillow made of opossum skin, &c., 
filled with feathers, rags, &c., upon which they will bang 
with the flats of the open hands. Such a pillow is known 
as the pikabara in the Maitakudi language. 
(e) Sounding-sticks are met with in the hinterland and 
coast-line, extending from about the Daintree to the Her- 
bert Rivers—and perhaps a little further south. Both at 
Cairns and among the scrub blacks along the Tully River, 
they are known as kokolo. In the latter district they are 
made of Hibiscus tiliaceus timber. They are often hardened 
with fire at their extremities, and usually of unequal size, 
the larger being held loosely, and more or less downward (PI. 
XXXIX., 1, 2, 3), and sharply tapped with the smaller one. 
To produce a deeper sound, the distal extremity of the stick 
struck is made to rest on the foot, heel, &c., according to the 
particular squatting position in which the performer may 
happen to be. 
In those districts, ¢.g., the Western, where boomerangs are 
in use, these may take the place of sounding-sticks. With 
their concavities turned towards each other, a weapon is 
held at its middle in either hand, and the tips of each struck 
together on the flat. If sounding-sticks or boomerangs do 
not happen to be handy, &c., the spurs or buttresses of cer- 
tain trees, e.g., figs, conveniently situated, may be hammered 
with sticks in the rough (in the Cardwell scrubs). 
During the course of an initiation ceremony at the back 
of Pr. Charlotte Bay, in 1898, I saw five or six individuals 
with sticks hammering away upon the convexity of a hollow 
log, split in half, with the concavity turned downwards; it 
acted much like a sounding-board, and a splendid tone re- 
verberation was the result. 
(f) Rattles, for the children, met with on the Penne- 
father River, are made by stringing together particular 
