$14 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION J. 
The sounds of the words are produced by the organs of 
the body which is the vehicle and servant of the soul; thus, 
to the student of language, the physiology of the organs of 
speech is the guide to psychology—to the knowledge of the 
soul itself. 
It is customary in psychological investigations to denote 
by the word “‘soul”’ the sum of the facts that make up our 
inner world—the world of thought—without implying any 
views as to the nature and origin of those facts. But this 
limitation is by no means necessary. The investigation of 
the experience of the soul is evidently only the material or 
pliysiological part of the science of the soul; the philosophy 
of the actions and facts of the soul, the study of the reasons 
-and causes of those phenomena, is the necessary complement 
of practical psychology. 
The philosophy of psychology, then. is the ultimate goal 
of the philologist, as of every true student; but the student 
of language has this great advantage, that, in his science, the 
scale of knowledge is complete, and ready for his endeavour 
to ascend it. 
In the sounds that make up the words he ee the 
utterance of thoughts that exist in the soul. Every sound 
is the result of some physical action in the arrangement of 
the organs of speech affected; every muscular action is the 
result of nervous action ; every nervous action proceeds from 
the soul, as the centre of action; and in every instance there 
is some impulse from without or from within to cause the 
soul to set the nervous force in motion. Thus, the soul 
expresses thought by sound. 
But not only by sound. There is a subtle sympathy 
between the divers organs of the soul; each nerve is affected 
by all that affects another nerve of the group to which it 
belongs; thus, an impulse sent forth by the soul affects the 
whole of a group of nerves. We can observe examples of 
these sympathetic effects in our daily experience. Look at 
a little boy, when his father calls him to give him something 
he likes. His face, quite composed just before, is seen to 
change. The eyebrows rise, the eyes gleam, the lips open, 
the middle of the upper lip extends outward and downward 
a little, the lower lip leaves the teeth exposed, the vertical 
wrinkles near the corners of the mouth show that the 
horizontal dimension of the mouth is increased, the ends 
of the mouth curve upwards, the nostrils are expanded, the 
chin is raised. All these parts of the face—not to speak 
of other parts of the body—are affected sympathetically by 
the thought which the soul sent forth in response to a 
