MARKETS AND MARKETING 



sell to wholesalers at the consuming end, who 

 may sell to jobbers, who sell to retailers. Each 

 man must have his profits, all of which greatly 

 increases costs. 



Co-operation. — Individuals have practi- 

 cally no power to remedy such a state of affairs. 

 So long as producers act Independently they will 

 have little power either to bring about favor- 

 able legislation or to better such market condi- 

 tions. Acting together as a unit growers have 

 accomplished great things which can be re- 

 peated. The co-operative principle has been 

 well tried out In California, where It was first 

 put Into operation with citrous fruits, In several 

 other Western States with apples, and In Michi- 

 gan and the Province of Ontario. 



Co-operative associations study carefully the 

 law of supply and demand and take steps to 

 adapt their shipments to It. They standardize 

 the grade, the package, and the fruit, and gov- 

 ern their shipments to given markets by the 

 needs and the demands of those markets. 

 Their unity of effort enables them to make 

 great savings In the purchase of supplies, such 

 as packages, spraying material, fertilizers, etc., 

 and in obtaining and distributing frequently 

 knowledge of markets and market conditions. 

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