INTRODUCTION. 15 



placed severally upon the stalks of the two intermediate 

 leaflets, when the leaf is pedate. The septenate-pinnate leaf 

 is always distiugnishable from that which is truly pinnate by 

 the four lower leaflets being, as is already remarked, inserted 

 at the same spot, and also by the unequal bases of the upper 

 pair, which are very irregularly combined with or separated 

 from the terminal leaflet. Thus the septenate-pinnate leaf is 

 nothing more than an anomalous state of the quinate leaf. 

 Nevertheless it is very rarely found except in three or four 

 of the species. Similarly the ^>»e(7«^e is perhaps to be con- 

 sidered as a state of the ternate leaf: for it appears to be 

 tolerably certain that the ternate and pedate leaves are 

 interchangeable in the same species, or even individual 

 bramble. The true quhiate leaf is always digitate, and its 

 leaflets are also always distinct from each other, although the 

 lower or outer pair are sometimes sessile. 



The upper surface of the leaflets is usually rather darker 

 in colour than the under side; it is either quite naked, or 

 has a few hairs scattered over it or arrancjed alon<^ the 

 grooves which correspond with the ribs and stronger veins 

 of the under side. The under side is either green, and naked 

 with the exception of more or less dense rows of hairs placed 

 upon the ribs and stronger veins, or even also upon the finer 

 veins; or the surface between the veins, and often the- veins 

 themselves, is covered with white or whitish felt (tomentum)^ 

 which is sometimes very fine, but often forms rather a thick 

 and dense coat quite hiding the cuticle. The midribs of the 

 leaflets, and the partial and general petioles, are armed on 

 the under side with prickles taking generally the form of 

 hooks. In describing the leaflets, unless the contrary is ex- 

 pressed, the terminal one alone is noticed; it is usually more 

 or less obovate, often cordate at the base, and frequently 



